A&P 1.19 Flashcards
Serratus anterior
A, I, O
A- protraction/abduction of the scapula
I- superior and inferior angle of the scapula and medial margin in between
O - Lateral aspect of 1st through 8-9 ribs
Named for shape and location
Serrat - saw like;
Weak muscle is a wing scapula
range of motion
the range, measured in degrees of a circle, through which the bones of a joint can be moved
Range of motion
Review
6 factors
Structure or shape of the articulating bones
Strength or tension of the joint ligaments
Arrangement and tension of the muscles
Apposition of soft parts
Hormones
Disuse
Structure or shape of the articulating bones
Spatial relationship : how closely the articulating surfaces fit together
more stable than mobile because it’s an Interlocking fit
Strength or tension of the joint ligaments
Tautness of the capsule and ligaments in certain positions
When the knee is straight the ACL is taut and the PCL is loose
The reverse occurs in flexion
Arrangement and tension of the muscles
When the thigh is raised with the knee extended, the ROM is restricted by the tension of the hamstring muscle on the back of the thigh
Apposition of soft parts
The point at which one body surface meets another (muscle or adipose tissue)
Hormones
Relaxin from placenta loosens pubic symphysis
relaxin
during pregnancy the ovaries and placenta produce a hormone that increases the flexibility of the pubic symphysis and the pelvic ligaments, allowing expansion of the pelvic outlet
Disuse
Movement at a joint may be restricted
Decreased synovial fluid
Decreased flexibility of ligaments
Reduced size of muscles
Detail of hip joint
Articular capsule
Ligament of the head of the femur
Acetabular labrum
Articular capsule
Very dense & strong capsule that extends from the rim of the acetabulum to the neck of the femur
Ligament of the head of the femur
Runs from the fossa of the acetabulum to the head of the femur contains a small artery
Articulation of the vertebrae
5
Intervertebral discs Intervertebral joints Vertebro-costal joints Atlanto-occipital joint Atlanto-axial joint
Acetabular labrum
Fibrocartilage rim attached to the margin of the acetabulum
Detail of the vertebral joints
Articulation
Articulation between the superior and inferior facet processes of adjacent vertebrae are gliding joints
Detail of vertebral joints
Bodies of vertebrae
Bodies of vertebrae are separated by cushioned pads of fibrocartilage called intervertebral discs and are symphyseal joints. Each disc has tough outer layer called the annulus fibrosis, which surrounds the soft gelatinous core (nucleus pulposis) that gives resiliency and shock absorption.
annulus fibrosis
Each disc has tough outer layer called the annulus fibrosis, which surrounds the soft gelatinous core (nucleus pulposis) that gives resiliency and shock absorption.
nucleus pulposus
intervertebral discs are filled with a soft, pulpy, highly elastic substance called nucleus pulposus
Detail of vertebral joints
Intervertebral ligaments
Intervertebral ligaments run anterior and posterior to the bodies which are
Anterior longitudinal ligaments Posterior longitudinal ligaments Ligamentum flavum Interspinous ligament Supraspinous ligament
atlanto-axial joint
made between the atlas and axis in the vertebrae
atlas
C1
axis
C2
dens
verticle projection on the top of the axis that links to the atlas
Effects of aging on joints
Part 1
Decreased production of synovial fluid
Articular cartilage becomes thinner
Ligaments shorten and lose some flexibility
Effects vary and are affected by genetic factors as well as wear and tear
Effects of aging on joints
Part 2
Degenerative changes may begin as early as age 20 but is unusual
By age 80 there is typically some degeneration of knees, elbows, hips and shoulder
Males commonly develop kyphosis in spine or hunched posture
After age 70 nearly everyone has some evidence of osteoarthritis
kyphosis
males versus females
males higher rate of ankylosing spondylitis
females higher rate of osteoporosis
Arthritis
arth: joint; itis: inflammation
The inflammation of the joints, joints are swollen, stiff and painful.
Afflicts about 45 million people in the US
3 types of arthritis
Rheumatoid arthritis - RA
Osteoarthritis - OA or DJD
Gouty arthritis
Rheumatism
Defined
Any painful disorder of the supporting structures of the bone - bones, ligaments, tendons, or muscles– that is not caused by infection or injury
Rheumatoid arthritis
RA is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks it’s own cartilage and joint lining.
Characterized by inflammation of the joint which causes swelling, pain and loss of function usually bilaterally
Osteoarthritis (OA and DJD)
A degenerative joint disease in which joint cartilage is gradually lost.
Commonly known as wear and tear arthritis
Leading cause of disability in older persons
Gouty arthritis
A dysfunction of uric acid metabolism in which sodium urate crystals are deposited in the soft tissues of the joints. The crystals irritate and erode the cartilage causing inflammation, swelling, and acute pain. If untreated, the crystals destroy all joint tissues, articulating bones fuse
Rotator cuff injury
Commonly involves vigorous circumduction
Most often torn superaspinatus tendon because of location between the head of the humerus and acromion of the scapula
Tennis elbow injury
Pain at or near the lateral epicondyle (extensiors)
Golfers elbow injury
Pain at or near the medial epicondyle (flexors)
Separated shoulder
Injury of the Acromioclavicular joint, most often happens with forceful trauma, like hitting the ground
Sprain
Damage to ligaments
Strain
Damage to muscle and tendons
Knee joint most vulnerable
Swollen knee
Escape of blood from damaged vessels
Rupture medial/tibial collateral ligaments
From a lateral blow
Common in football
ACL tear
Displacement of the tibia anteriorly in relation to the femur from hyperextension
