A&P 1.15 Flashcards
Flexor carpi radialis
A, O, I
Named for action and location
A: flexion of wrist and Abduction of wrist (towards radius)
I: base of 2nd and 3rd metacarpal
O: medial epicondyle of humerus via the flexor tendon
Epi
Define
On top
Metacarpals
3 parts
Base
Shaft
Head
Flexor carpi radialis
Tendon that runs through the carpal tunnel
deep to the flexor retinaculum
Extensions originate on
the lateral epicondyle
Flexors originate on
Medial epicondyle
Radial versus ulnar deviation
Radial is abduction
Ulnar is adduction
Review of bone types
5
Long Short Flat Irregular Sesamoid
Bone regions - long bones
Diaphysis
Epiphysis
Metaphysis
Diaphysis
Shaft (body)
Epiphysis
Ends of long bone
Metaphysis
In between diaphysis and epiphysis
Long bone growth happens here
Coverings - long bone
Periosteum
Articular cartilage
Periosteum
Sleeve like membrane around diaphysis
Articular cartilage
Hyaline covering over joint surfaces of epiphysis
Cavities - long bones
Medullary cavity
Endosteum
Medullary cavity
Tube-like hollow space within diaphysis
Child - red bone marrow, filled with blood cells
Adult - yellow bone marrow, filled with fat
endosteum
lining of the medullary cavity
Yellow bone marrow
Contains adipose tissue
Fat storage for energy
More prevalent in adults
Red bone marrow
Contains blood cells
Produces blood cells (hematopoiesis)
More prevalent in children (changes around age 5)
Bone tissue
General
Hard connective tissue
Osseous tissue
It has a tensile strength nearly equal to iron but less than 1/3 the weight
Types of bone cells
4
Osteogenic
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes
Bone tissue matrix
Fibers - collagen (body’s most abundant protein
Ground substance : calcium, phosphate (mineral salts)
Water
Osteogenic
Bone creating
Stem cells
Found in the endosteum and lining of the Haversian canals
Undergo cell division to form osteoblasts
Osteoblasts
Bone builder
Daughter cells of osteogenic cells
Build create bone
Secrete bone matrix and collagen fibers
Osteoclast
Bone breaks down or cuts down
Opposite of osteoblasts
Cuts down bone to release minerals
Osteocyte
Bone cell
Mature bone cell (grown up osteoblast)
Maintains bone tissue
Functions of bone tissue
5
Support: framework
Protection: encloses delicate structures
Movement: via levers
Mineral storage and homeostasis: reservoir for calcium and phosphorus
Hematopoiesis : blood cell production (bone marrow yellow and red)
Yellow - energy storage
Bone growth length
until bone growth in length is complete, a layer of cartilage known as the epiphyseal growth plate remains
Osteogenesis
Bone formation
The combined action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts that makes the bones into their adult shape
Calcification process
after birth, cartilage is gradually replaced with bone tissue through a process called calcification
Enchondral ossification
growth in long bones
Bone formation spreads from the center to the ends
Bone growth increases lengthwise, lengthening the diaphysis
Intramembranous ossification
Growth of flat bones
Ossification center ossifies from the center out
Bone growth
2 types
Appositional - thickness
Interstitial - length
Appositional
Growth in thickness
Either at periosteum or perichondrium
Interstitial
Growth in length
At the metaphysis below the epiphyseal growth plate
layer of hyaline cartilage in metaphysis of growing bons
Bone remodeling
Is the ongoing replacement of extracellular matrix —old bone tissue replaced with new bone tissue
Osteoclasts remove minerals & collagen fibers then osteoblasts deposit new minerals and collagen fibers
Range of motion
Refers to the range, measured in degrees of a circle, through which bones of a joint can be moved. The articular surfaces of synovial joints contact one another and determine the type and range of motion that is possible
Factors that affect range of motion
6
Structure and shape of articulating bones Strength and tension of joint ligaments Arrangement and tension of the muscles Apposition of soft parts Hormones Disuse
