A&P 1.10 Flashcards
Gluteus Maximus
A, O, I
O: posterior gluteal line of illum, posterior sacrum & coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament (sacrum to ischial tuberosity)
I: gluteal tuberosity on posterior femur, lateral condyle of tibia via illiotibial band or tract
A: extension of the hip
Epidermis
Thinner
Tissue: epithelial
Layers: 4-5
Avascular
Dermis
thicker
Tissue: connective
Layers: 2
Vascular and Innervated
Hypodermis
subcutaneous/superficial fascia
Tissue: adipose, areolar
Layers: 1
vascular & innervated
Layers of fascia
Superficial
Deep
Superficial
description list
Areolar connective tissue adipose CT collagen vascular innervated separates muscle from skin
Deep
description list
Dense irregular connective tissue
Vascular
Surrounds muscles and bones
Appendages of the skin
Dermis contains
Accessory structures
Hair
Nails
Muscles
Glands
Hair
Few hairless areas: palms, soles of feet, parts of the genitalia
Epidermis cells spread down to the dermis to form a root sheet/ hair tube or follicle
Germinal matrix pushes up keratinized hair that’s alive and will return if plucked
Lives for 2-6 years and grows 1/2 inch per month or 5” per year
Nails
Heavily keratinized dermal cells
Muscles
Muscles In the skin (erector pilli) = goose bumps cause hair to stand up
Skin glands
Types
Oil
Sweat
Earwax
Oil glands
Sebaceous and produce sebum
- skin soft, hair supple - protective skin cream - anti-fungal - prevents excessive evaporation
When clogged: acne and black heads
Sweat glands
Sudoriforous (most numerous 3-4 million)
Two types eccrine and apocrine
Sweat gland
Eccrine
Perspiration (salts, ammonia, uric acid, other wastes)
Maintains core temperature
Mammary glands are modified sweat glands
3000 per square inch in palms, forehead, soles
Same lipids as apocrine
Sweat glands
Apocrine
Deep subcutaneous
Armpit, axilla, breast areola, anus
Enlarge at puberty
Same lipids as eccrine plus proteins
Odor is bacteria
Skin glands
Earwax
Cerumen glands
Mix of oil, sweat and wax
Skin color
Melanin=brown
Albinism - lack of tyrosinase
Yellow - too much carotene (vitamin A)
Blood flow in the capillaries
- cyanosis: blue skin due to reduced blood flow
- blushing: pink skin due to increase blood flow
vitiligo: loss of pigment in certain areas; idiopathic (unknown cause)
Melanocytes make melanin
All races have same number of melanocytes
Melamine
Location
Found in the basil layer of the epidermis
Vitiligo
Loss of in only area
Cause unknown- idiopathic
Albinism
Caused by
Lack of tyrosinase
Inflammation and wound healing
2 types
Epidermal
Dermal
Epidermal wound healing
Basale to surface: 35 days
Increased friction may be faster time
Increased friction over time: callus
Dermal wound healing
Maintains self but only rapid in wound healing
Dermal wound healing
More information
Dermis and subcutaneous layers
Scar tissue leads to loss of normal function
4 phases of dermal healing
Inflammatory response: blood clot form and loosely connect the wound edges; vascular and cellular response
Migratory response: clot becomes a scab, epithelial cells go to wound to bridge the gap
Proliferation: happens when you have extensive epithelial growth under the scab
Maturation: scab falls off once epidermis is normal thickness
