A&P 1.10

Question 1

Gluteus Maximus

A, O, I

Answer 1

O: posterior gluteal line of illum, posterior sacrum & coccyx, sacrotuberous ligament (sacrum to ischial tuberosity)

I: gluteal tuberosity on posterior femur, lateral condyle of tibia via illiotibial band or tract

A: extension of the hip

Question 2

Epidermis

Answer 2

Thinner
Tissue: epithelial
Layers: 4-5
Avascular

Question 3

Dermis

Answer 3

thicker
Tissue: connective
Layers: 2
Vascular and Innervated

Question 4

Hypodermis

Answer 4

subcutaneous/superficial fascia
Tissue: adipose, areolar
Layers: 1
vascular & innervated

Question 5

Layers of fascia

Answer 5

Superficial

Deep

Question 6

Superficial

description list

Answer 6

Areolar connective tissue
adipose CT
collagen
vascular
innervated
separates muscle from skin

Question 7

Deep

description list

Answer 7

Dense irregular connective tissue

Vascular

Surrounds muscles and bones

Question 8

Appendages of the skin

Dermis contains

Answer 8

Accessory structures

Hair
Nails
Muscles
Glands

Question 9

Hair

Answer 9

Few hairless areas: palms, soles of feet, parts of the genitalia

Epidermis cells spread down to the dermis to form a root sheet/ hair tube or follicle

Germinal matrix pushes up keratinized hair that’s alive and will return if plucked

Lives for 2-6 years and grows 1/2 inch per month or 5” per year

Question 10

Nails

Answer 10

Heavily keratinized dermal cells

Question 11

Muscles

Answer 11

Muscles In the skin (erector pilli) = goose bumps cause hair to stand up

Question 12

Skin glands

Types

Answer 12

Oil
Sweat
Earwax

Question 13

Oil glands

Answer 13

Sebaceous and produce sebum

 - skin soft, hair supple
 - protective skin cream
 - anti-fungal
 - prevents excessive evaporation

When clogged: acne and black heads

Question 14

Sweat glands

Answer 14

Sudoriforous (most numerous 3-4 million)

Two types eccrine and apocrine

Question 15

Sweat gland

Eccrine

Answer 15

Perspiration (salts, ammonia, uric acid, other wastes)
Maintains core temperature
Mammary glands are modified sweat glands
3000 per square inch in palms, forehead, soles
Same lipids as apocrine

Question 16

Sweat glands

Apocrine

Answer 16

Deep subcutaneous
Armpit, axilla, breast areola, anus
Enlarge at puberty
Same lipids as eccrine plus proteins

Odor is bacteria

Question 17

Skin glands

Earwax

Answer 17

Cerumen glands

Mix of oil, sweat and wax

Question 18

Skin color

Answer 18

Melanin=brown

Albinism - lack of tyrosinase

Yellow - too much carotene (vitamin A)
Blood flow in the capillaries
- cyanosis: blue skin due to reduced blood flow
- blushing: pink skin due to increase blood flow

vitiligo: loss of pigment in certain areas; idiopathic (unknown cause)

Melanocytes make melanin

All races have same number of melanocytes

Question 19

Melamine

Location

Answer 19

Found in the basil layer of the epidermis

Question 20

Vitiligo

Answer 20

Loss of in only area

Cause unknown- idiopathic

Question 21

Albinism

Caused by

Answer 21

Lack of tyrosinase

Question 22

Inflammation and wound healing

2 types

Answer 22

Epidermal

Dermal

Question 23

Epidermal wound healing

Answer 23

Basale to surface: 35 days

Increased friction may be faster time

Increased friction over time: callus

Question 24

Dermal wound healing

Answer 24

Maintains self but only rapid in wound healing

Question 25

Dermal wound healing

More information

Answer 25

Dermis and subcutaneous layers

Scar tissue leads to loss of normal function

Question 26

4 phases of dermal healing

Answer 26

Inflammatory response: blood clot form and loosely connect the wound edges; vascular and cellular response
Migratory response: clot becomes a scab, epithelial cells go to wound to bridge the gap
Proliferation: happens when you have extensive epithelial growth under the scab
Maturation: scab falls off once epidermis is normal thickness