A&P 1.16

Question 1

Flexor carpi ulnaris

A, I, O

Answer 1

I- base of 5th metacarpal, hamate, and pisiform

O- medial epicondyle of humerus via the flexor tendon (humeral head); olecranon process ulna (ulnar head)

A - wrist flexion and ulnar deviation or adduction of the wrist (combined action)

Named for location and action

Question 2

Extensor carpi ulnaris

A, I, O

Answer 2

I- base of 5th metacarpal and hamate

O. - lateral epicondyle of humerus via the common extensor tendon and proximal posterior boarder ulna

A. - wrist extension and ulnar deviation or adduction of the wrist (combined action)

Named for location and action

Question 3

epicondyle

Answer 3

epi- on top

condyle - knuckle like bump

Question 4

flexors

Answer 4

all origionate on medial epicondyle of the humerus

cross the wrist anteriorly

Question 5

extensors

Answer 5

all origionate on lateral epicondyle of the humerus

cross the wrist posteriorly

Question 6

osteogenisis

2 types

Answer 6

the combined action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts sculpting bones into their adult shape

endochondrial
intramembranous

Question 7

osteogenisis

endochondrial

Answer 7

long bones

bone formation spreads from center to ends

grows lengthwise

Question 8

osteogenisis

intramembranous

Answer 8

flat bones

cartilage is replaced with calcified bone

Question 9

Bone tissue types

Answer 9

Compact

Spongy/cancellous

Question 10

Compact

Lies

Composes

Function

Answer 10

Dense bone

Lies - over the spongy bone on the outside

Over spongy bone
Makes up diaphysis in long bones

Composes - most of the bone tissue in the diaphysis

Function - supports, protects and resists stress

Question 11

Compact bone tissue made up of

Answer 11

Osteons or Haverian systems

Question 12

Histology of compact bones

osteons or haversian systems

Answer 12

Cylinder shaped structural units with little space between them
Osteoblasts secrete collagen and minerals in a ring surrounding the cell
Cemented together
Allows delivery of nutrients and removal of waste products from metabolically active but imprisoned bone cells

Question 13

Compact bone plumbing

Answer 13

Have unique plumbing that allows nutrients and waste to come and go

Uses central Haversian canal

Question 14

Central or Haversian canal

Answer 14

Pipe in the center of the osteon which contains blood vessels, lymph and nerves

Question 15

Concentric lamellae

Answer 15

Rings (like a tree trunk) of hard calcified matrix (mineral salts and collagen fibers)

Question 16

Lucunea

Answer 16

Little lakes

In the rings of concentric lamellae

Contain fluid and osteocytes

Question 17

Canaliculi

Answer 17

Little canals

Connect lacunae and contain offshoots of osteocytes so that they have a connection to the blood stream for nutrients

Question 18

Spongy bone or Cancellous

forms/location

made up of

Function

Answer 18

Forms- the inside of compact bones (most of the short, flat, irregular bones and epiphysis of long bones)

Made up of needle like boney spicules called trabeculae

Function - stores red bone marrow and provides support

No osteon; Irregular lacunae and canaliculi

Rings of matrix are oval instead of round

Question 19

trabeculae

Answer 19

spongy bone

needle-like bony spicules

means small beam

provides the lattice work of spongy bone

Question 19

trabiculae are arranged/orientated

Answer 19

Bony spicules or trabiculae are arranged along lines of stress

Makes their orientation different from bone to bone depending upon the magnitude of applied loads

Question 20

Fractures

Defined

Answer 20

A break in the continuity of bone

It tears and destroys blood vessels that carry nutrients to osteocytes
Vascular damage initiates the repair sequence
Dead bone either removed by osteoclast reabsorption or it serves as a scaffolding for specialized repair tissue called callus
Osteoblasts work together to build new bone

Question 21

Fractures types

6

Answer 21

Open compound fracture
Communituded
Greenstick
Impacted
Potts
Colle's

Question 22

Open compound fracture

Answer 22

The broken ends of bone protrude through the skin

Simple fracture does not break the skin

Question 23

Communituded

Answer 23

Bone splinters at site of impact and small fragments fill the space between the two larger fragments

Question 24

Greenstick

Answer 24

A partial fracture in which one side of the bone breaks and the other side bends

Happens only in children because their bones have not yet ossified

Question 25

Impacted

Answer 25

One end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the other

Question 26

Potts

Answer 26

At the distal end of the lateral leg bone (fibula) with serious injury of the distal tibial articulation

Question 27

Colle’s

Answer 27

A fracture at the distal end of the lateral forearm bone (radius) in which the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly

Question 28

Repair of bone fractures

Answer 28

Formation of hematoma
Fibrocartilagenous callus formation
Bony callus formation
Bone remodeling

Question 29

Spinal curvatures

3 types

Answer 29

Lordosis
Kyphosis
Scoliosis

Question 30

Lordosis

Answer 30

Sway back

Increased lumbar curve

Question 31

Kyphosis

Answer 31

Hunchback
Increased thoracic curve
Usually due to osteoporosis or prolonged poor posture

Question 32

Scoliosis

Answer 32

Abnormal side to side curvature

Common before adolescence or due to injury