A&P 1.16 Flashcards
Flexor carpi ulnaris
A, I, O
I- base of 5th metacarpal, hamate, and pisiform
O- medial epicondyle of humerus via the flexor tendon (humeral head); olecranon process ulna (ulnar head)
A - wrist flexion and ulnar deviation or adduction of the wrist (combined action)
Named for location and action
Extensor carpi ulnaris
A, I, O
I- base of 5th metacarpal and hamate
O. - lateral epicondyle of humerus via the common extensor tendon and proximal posterior boarder ulna
A. - wrist extension and ulnar deviation or adduction of the wrist (combined action)
Named for location and action
epicondyle
epi- on top
condyle - knuckle like bump
flexors
all origionate on medial epicondyle of the humerus
cross the wrist anteriorly
extensors
all origionate on lateral epicondyle of the humerus
cross the wrist posteriorly
osteogenisis
2 types
the combined action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts sculpting bones into their adult shape
endochondrial
intramembranous
osteogenisis
endochondrial
long bones
bone formation spreads from center to ends
grows lengthwise
osteogenisis
intramembranous
flat bones
cartilage is replaced with calcified bone
Bone tissue types
Compact
Spongy/cancellous
Compact
Lies
Composes
Function
Dense bone
Lies - over the spongy bone on the outside
Over spongy bone
Makes up diaphysis in long bones
Composes - most of the bone tissue in the diaphysis
Function - supports, protects and resists stress
Compact bone tissue made up of
Osteons or Haverian systems
Histology of compact bones
osteons or haversian systems
Cylinder shaped structural units with little space between them
Osteoblasts secrete collagen and minerals in a ring surrounding the cell
Cemented together
Allows delivery of nutrients and removal of waste products from metabolically active but imprisoned bone cells
Compact bone plumbing
Have unique plumbing that allows nutrients and waste to come and go
Uses central Haversian canal
Central or Haversian canal
Pipe in the center of the osteon which contains blood vessels, lymph and nerves
Concentric lamellae
Rings (like a tree trunk) of hard calcified matrix (mineral salts and collagen fibers)
Lucunea
Little lakes
In the rings of concentric lamellae
Contain fluid and osteocytes
Canaliculi
Little canals
Connect lacunae and contain offshoots of osteocytes so that they have a connection to the blood stream for nutrients
Spongy bone or Cancellous
forms/location
made up of
Function
Forms- the inside of compact bones (most of the short, flat, irregular bones and epiphysis of long bones)
Made up of needle like boney spicules called trabeculae
Function - stores red bone marrow and provides support
No osteon; Irregular lacunae and canaliculi
Rings of matrix are oval instead of round
trabeculae
spongy bone
needle-like bony spicules
means small beam
provides the lattice work of spongy bone
trabiculae are arranged/orientated
Bony spicules or trabiculae are arranged along lines of stress
Makes their orientation different from bone to bone depending upon the magnitude of applied loads
Fractures
Defined
A break in the continuity of bone
It tears and destroys blood vessels that carry nutrients to osteocytes
Vascular damage initiates the repair sequence
Dead bone either removed by osteoclast reabsorption or it serves as a scaffolding for specialized repair tissue called callus
Osteoblasts work together to build new bone
Fractures types
6
Open compound fracture Communituded Greenstick Impacted Potts Colle's
Open compound fracture
The broken ends of bone protrude through the skin
Simple fracture does not break the skin
Communituded
Bone splinters at site of impact and small fragments fill the space between the two larger fragments
Greenstick
A partial fracture in which one side of the bone breaks and the other side bends
Happens only in children because their bones have not yet ossified
Impacted
One end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the other
Potts
At the distal end of the lateral leg bone (fibula) with serious injury of the distal tibial articulation
Colle’s
A fracture at the distal end of the lateral forearm bone (radius) in which the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly
Repair of bone fractures
Formation of hematoma
Fibrocartilagenous callus formation
Bony callus formation
Bone remodeling
Spinal curvatures
3 types
Lordosis
Kyphosis
Scoliosis
Lordosis
Sway back
Increased lumbar curve
Kyphosis
Hunchback
Increased thoracic curve
Usually due to osteoporosis or prolonged poor posture
Scoliosis
Abnormal side to side curvature
Common before adolescence or due to injury
