A&P 1.09 Flashcards
Masseter
A, O, I
Named for
A - elevate the mandible (temporomanibular joint); may assist to protract the mandible (TM joint)
O - zygomatic arch
I - angle of the ramus of mandible
Named for it’s action
Temporalis
A, O, I
Named for
A - elevate the mandible (TM joint); retract the mandible (TM) joint
O - temporal fossa and fascia (frontal, temporal & parietal bones)
I - coronoid process and anterior edge of ramus of the mandible
Named for location
Axial skeleton
Description
- 80 bones
- lie along the longitudinal axis
- skull, hyoid, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, ear ossicles
Appendicular skeleton
Description
- 126 bones
- upper and lower limbs and pelvic and pictorial girdles
Skull
Description
8 cranial bones
Protect brain and ear ossicles
- muscle attachment for jaw, neck and fascial muscles
14 facial bones
- protect delicate sense organs: smell, taste, vision
Cranial bones
8
Frontal Temporal (2) Parietal (2) Occipital Sphenoid Ethmoid
Facial bones
14
Vomer Mandible Nasal (2) Inferior nasal conchae (2) Lacrimal (2) Maxillea (2) Palatine (2) Zygomatic (2)
Bony landmarks
Head & face
Trail 228
.
Bony landmark trail
Trail 230
.
Zygomatic arch
2 bones
Zygomatic bone Temporal bone (posterior)
Zygomatic process of the temporal bone
Posterior portion of the zygomatic arch
Temporal process of the zygomatic bone
Anterior portion of the zygomatic process
Tissue defined
Groups of similar cells working together
4 types - CMEN
Epithelial tissue
Description
- specializes in moving substances in and out of the body
- covers and protects
- lines the body cavity
- forms glands
Connective tissue
Description
- specialized to support the body and its parts
- connects and holds body parts together
- transports substances through the body
- protects from foreign invaders
Muscle tissue
Description
- specializes in contraction
- produces movement
Nervous
Description
- specializes in communication
- integrates activities
- generates messages to coordinate function
Principles for naming epithelial tissue
Shape
- squamous - cuboidal - columnar
Layers
- simple - stratified
Two types of tissue that make up our skin
Epithelial
Connective
Stratified squamous epithelium
2 types
Keratinized
Non-keratinized
Keratinized
Description
Cells contain the protein keratin
The keratin protein repels water (water proofing)
Found in the skin
Non-keratinized
Cells do not contain keratin
Lines the: vagina, mouth and esophagus
Free moist surfaces
Still serves as a protective layer
Connective tissue
3 types
Fibrous
Fluid
Skeletal
Connective tissue
General
One of the most widespread tissues in the body
Found in and around almost every organ in the body
Connective tissue named for
Structural characteristics
Intercellular material
Connective tissue consists of 2 things
Cells
Extra-cellular matrix
Cells
Surrounded by matrix
Matrix is made up of two things
Ground substance
Fibers
Matrix
Ground substance
- gel
- semi-hard substance
- hard
- liquid
- semi-hard substance
Matrix
Fibers
- collagen
- elastin
- reticulin
6 types of fibrous connective tissue
Dense regular Dense irregular Reticular Elastic Loose areolar Adipose
Dense regular connective tissue
Tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses or (tendonous sheets)
contain collagen fibers in a regular pattern
Dense irregular connective tissue
Deep fascia, dermis, scars, capsules of various organs and valves, lining of joints cartilage and bones
Irregularly arranged collagen fibers
Reticular fibrous connective tissue
Inner framework of spleen, lymph nodes, & red bone marrow for filtration
Has reticular cells that connect to form a network of “weblike & filtering or cheese cloth like”
elastic fibrous connective tissue
Skin, blood vessels and lung tissues
Elastin fibers, strong with good recoil to maintain shape
Loose areolar fibrous connective tissue
Between other tissues and organs and superficial fascia
Fills empty spaces ‘packing material’ around nearly all body structures, forms subcutaneous layer
Adipose fibrous connective tissue
Under the skin, padding around the various body parts
Functions of the integumentary system
Temperature regulation Protection Cutaneous sensation Excretion/absorption Vitamin D synthesis
2 layers of skin
Epithelial tissue and connective tissue
Epidermis - on top
Dermis- next layer
Epidermis
Description
On top (most superficial level)
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Avascular ( without blood vessels)
Anervated (without nerve endings)
Epithelial tissue
Epidermis
Layers
1 - superficial - stratumcormium
5 - deep - basal level
Epidermis and dermis are what types of tissue
Epithelial
Stratum cornuem
Description
Surface level
25-30 layers of dead keratinocytes
Thin squamous cells
Dead: constantly being shed and replaced
Cytoplasm is replaced with keratin, keratin is a water repelling protein
Serves as a barrier for water loss ( ie burns) and keep the water in and repels outside contaminants
Stratum basale or stratum germinatium
Description
1 single layer: cuboidal or columnar cells
Deep: this is the deepest layer of the epithelial layer
Reproduction: this is the layer where mitosis occurs ( 1 cell divides into 2 cells)
Cells migrate from the basale layer up to the surface
Thick versus thin skin
.page 115
Thin skin
Covers most of the bodies surfaces
4 layers
As thin as 0.5 MM in thickness
Thick skin
Covers palms, fingertips, soles and areas of great friction
5 layers
As thick as 5 MM
Dermis
Description
Mostly connective tissue
Vascular and innervated
Contains blood vessels, hair, follicles, glands
Dermis description
“True skin”
Mostly connective tissue
Vascular and innervated
Contains blood vessels, hair follicles, glands
Dermis layers
Papillary region
Reticular layer
Papillary region
Dermal papillae “nipples” which increase surface area and contain capillary loops and sensory receptors; forms ridges that are finger prints
Reticular layer
Deeper, thicker
Thicker layers of mostly collagen and some elastin
Gives skin it’s toughness and elasticity
Contains blood vessels, nerve endings, glands, hair
Hypodermis
Not skin, layer below the skin
Superficial fascia
Subcutaneous
Storage area for fat. Look at slides
Layer beneath the dermis
Loose subcutaneous layer that is rich in fat (adipose) and areolar tissue
Foramen
Opening
Fossa
Shallow depression
Sulcus
Groove
Meatus
Tubelike passageway or canal
Condyle
Large, round protuberance
Facet
Smooth flat articular surface
Trochanter
Very large projection
Tuberosity
Large, rounded, roughened projection
