A&P 1.18 Flashcards
Rhonboids
A, I, O
Minor
A-retraction of the scapula (adduction)
O-SP of C7 and T1
I-medial/vertebral border of the scapula level with the root spine of the scapula
Named for geometric shape
Rhomboid major
A, I, O
A- retraction of the scapula (adduction)
O- SP of T2 to T5
I-medial/vertebral border of the scapula between the spine and the inferior angle
Named for geometric shape
Gastrocnemius
A, I, O
A-flexion of the knee, plantar flexion of the ankle
O-condyles of the femur (medial and lateral)
I-calcaneus via the Achilles or calcaneal tendon
Named for shape and location
Gastro: belly, kneme: leg
Vertebrae
4
Landmarks
Spinous process
Transverse process
body
foramen
Scapula
Bony landmarks
Know all
Femur landmarks
Medial and lateral condyles
Plus others see slide
Tarsals
Parts
Cuniform: wedge
Navicular: ship
Cuboid: cube
plus others
Plantar flexion
Standing on your toes
Dorsiflexion
Stand on your heels
Synovial joints
General
Most mobile
Most numerous
Most complex/most components
Majority of the joints in the appendicular skeleton
225-229
Synovial joint structure
Joint capsule Articular cartilage Joint cavity Ligaments Meniscus Bursa Tendon (sheaths)
Synovial joint capsule
2 membranes
Joint capsule created by two membranes
Fibrous
Synovial
Synovial joint capsule
Fibrous membrane
outside, holds capsule together, made of dense irregular CT
Synovial joint capsule
Synovial membrane
inside, secretes fluid, made of loose areolar and adipose CT
Synovial joint articular cartilage
Hyaline cartilage: covers articulating surface of bone and is smooth & slippery
reduces friction between the articulating bones and asorbs shock
Synovial joint structure
Joint cavity
The space between the articulating bones
Allows free movement of articulating bones
Contains synovial fluid
Synovial joint structure
Ligaments
Dense regular CT, holds capsule together, interconnected with fibrous membrane
Are either extra or intra capular
Structure of synovial joints
Menisci
Pads made of fibro-cartilage, lie between articular surfaces and help direct the flow of synovial fluid
Synovial joint
Tendon
Tendon sheaths
Tube like bursae that wrap around tendons that undergo a great amount of friction (hands, feet)
Synovial joints
Bursa
Purse
Small cushion like synovial filled fluid sacs that are found in between moving parts and reduce friction between bones and tendons or ligaments
types of synovial joints
6
Hinge joint Pivot joint Saddle Condyloid Ball & socket Gliding or planar
Types of synovial joints
3 divisions
Unixalial
biaxial
Multiaxial or triaxial
Unixalial
Joints
movement in one axis, one plane
Hinge:
Pivot
Hinge joint
Back and forth movement
Flexion/extension
Examples: elbow, knee, interphalangeal
Pivot joint
Rotation
Examples: atlantoaxial joints (C1-C2) or Radioulnar
biaxial joints
movement in 2 axes, 2 planes
Saddle
Condyloid
Saddle joint
found at the thumb
Gives us the opposable thumb action
Metacarpal/trapezium. Saddle like movement
Condyloid joint
Allows back and forth and side to side movement
Example: atlanto-occipital, radiocarpal joints
Multiaxial or triaxial
Movement in 3 or more axes or planes
Ball & socket
Gliding
Ball & socket joint
most moveable
hip/shoulder
Gliding or planar joint
Permit side to side and back and forth
Examples: carpal, tarsal, SI, sternocostal
major diarthrotic joints
4
shoulder
knee
hip
vertebrae
shoulder
joint name & description
glenohumeral
humeroscapular
more mobile than stable
Hip
joint name & description
acetabulofemoral
more stable than mobile
Knee
joint name & description
tibiofemoral
knee joint is less protected by muscular tissue than hip or shoulder
more easily injured
bear the brunt of our loads
vertebrae
joint name & description
intervertebral discs
cartilaginous discs that hold vertebrae firmly together so they are not easily dislocated, but allow for flexibility when the spine moves together as a whole
Knee joint
Components
Capsule Patellar ligament Menisci Collateral ligaments cruciate ligaments
knee
patellar ligament
strengthens the anterior aspect of the joint
knee
menisci
help compensate for irregular shapes of articulating surfaces
helps stabilize the joint and guide the movement of the femoral condyles
Knee joint
Collateral ligaments
Medial/tibial
Lateral/fibular
on either side of joint
helps to stabilize the medial and lateral sides of the joint
Knee joint
Cruciate ligaments
Anterior
Posterior
Knee joint
Cruciate ligaments
anterior
originates on tibia anteriorly and moves lateral and posteriorly to the femur
prevents hyperextension of the knee
Knee joint
Cruciate ligaments
posterior
originates posteriorly on the tibia and moves anteriorly and medially to the femur
prevents posterior sliding of the tibia especially in flexion
dislocation
AKA luxation
displacement of a bone from a joint
results in tears of ligaments, tendons, and joint capsule
subluxation
partial luxation
sprain
tearing of ligaments
not necessarily complete
forceable wrenching
strain
tearing of tendons and muscle tissue
not necessarily complete
