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PSY2013- Biological Psychology with Research Methods 2 > 9- Plasticity Throughout the Lifespan > Flashcards

9- Plasticity Throughout the Lifespan Flashcards

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1
Q

How long does the brain retain the ability for plasticity?

A

Throughout the lifespan

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2
Q

Who studied neurogenesis?

A

Draganski et al, 2004

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3
Q

What did Draganski et al study?

A

Juggling training in adult humans

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4
Q

What did Draganski et al find?

A

Increased brain volume in hippocampus

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5
Q

How did Draganski et al see that neurogenesis effects persisted?

A

Neurogenesis effects still present 3 months after end of training

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6
Q

What did Draganski et al’s study suggest?

A

Adult hippocampus can grow new neurons

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7
Q

What did Draganski et al’s study support?

A

Learning from practice and experience

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8
Q

What are stem cells?

A

Building blocks for all cells

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9
Q

What can neural stem cells generate in the CNS?

A

Neural progenitor cells

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10
Q

What can neural stem cells in the CNS create?

A

New neurons and glial cells in developing and adult brains

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11
Q

What did Altman and Das discover about adult neurogenesis by studying the rodent brain?

A

Formation of new neurons in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus

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12
Q

How long do new cells take to fully mature?

A

Up to 2 months

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13
Q

What suggests that neurons in the hippocampus have a role in learning and memory?

A

New neurons go through a phase of increased synaptic plasticity

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14
Q

Where does neurogenesis seem to occur mostly?

A

In the hippocampus

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15
Q

What is hippocampal neurogenesis dependent on?

A

Activity/environment

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16
Q

How is hippocampal neurogenesis regulated by?

A

Physiological and pharmacological stimuli

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17
Q

What did Maguire et al study?

A

London taxi drivers

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18
Q

What is the learning that London taxi drivers go through that causes learning through experience?

A

Taking ‘The Knowledge’- learning to navigate and remember routes around London

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19
Q

How did Maguire et al measure hippocampal volume?

A

MRI

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20
Q

Who were Maguire et al’s controls?

A

Bus drivers

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21
Q

What did Maguire et al find in London taxi drivers?

A

Enlarged hippocampus in more experienced drivers

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22
Q

What did Maguire et al’s study suggest?

A

Learning can promote neurogenesis

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23
Q

How did London taxi drivers compare to experience-matched bus drivers?

A

London taxi drivers had larger posterior hippocampus

24
Q

What does experience of drivers correlate with?

A

Larger posterior hippocampus

25
Q

How was neurogenesis studied in 38 medical students?

A

An MRI structural scan 3 months before medical exam, day after the exam, and 3 months later

26
Q

How did hippocampal volume change between time points when medical students were studied?

A

Increased

27
Q

What was studying medical students good evidence for?

A

Learning-induced plasticity in young adulthood

28
Q

How long does maturation of new neurons require?

A

Several weeks to months

29
Q

How did Van Praag study neurogenesis?

A

Lab rodents were given access to a running wheel that stimulated hippocampal neurogenesis

30
Q

What result did exercise have on neurogenesis in humans?

A

Increasing hippocampal volume

31
Q

What does the hippocampus tend to do as we age?

A

Shrink

32
Q

What could explain why some older people have similar hippocampal volumes to individuals who are younger?

A

Hippocampal neurogenesis

33
Q

What is hippocampal neurogenesis linked to?

A

Better memory in later life

34
Q

Who show less decline in cognitive performance as they get older?

A

People who are physically active in later life

35
Q

How does the brain try and maintain good function as someone ages?

A

Brain compensates for effects of aging

36
Q

What changes take place in normal aging in the brain?

A

Neurochemical and synaptic changes

37
Q

How much does the brain shrink on average between the ages of 20 and 90?

A

5% to 10%

38
Q

What deteriorates in the brain in normal aging?

A

White matter fibres

39
Q

What suggests the potential for the brain to adapt?

A

Some older individuals maintain excellent cognition

40
Q

What do ‘cognitive reserve’ models suggest?

A

Brain has a ‘buffer’ and can adapt and compensate for aging

41
Q

What do fMRI studies show happens to the brain as we get older?

A

Brain activates more brain regions with age

42
Q

What led to the ‘hemispheric asymmetry reduction’?

A

fMRI studies show that older adults additionally recruit the other hemisphere

43
Q

What can TMS be used to do?

A

Temporarily disrupt a brain mechanism

44
Q

How is TMS applied to study compensation in the aging brain?

A

To left or right PFC in a recognition memory task

45
Q

What was the result of TMS on subjects aged less then 45?

A

Disrupting the right PFC affected performance

46
Q

What was the result of TMS on subjects over 50?

A

Disrupting either hemisphere PFC affected performance

47
Q

How did evidence suggest that the brain has a compensatory mechanism in aging?

A

Suggestion that older adults are using both hemispheres to perform the task

48
Q

What does aging do to brain structure?

A

Undermines it

49
Q

How are compensatory mechanisms enhanced?

A

By stimulatory experience

50
Q

What kind of structure is the brain?

A

A highly adaptive structure that changes in both positive and negative ways across the lifespan

51
Q

What drives synaptic pruning?

A

Experience

52
Q

What does synaptic pruning lead to?

A

A more efficient brain

53
Q

What does experience cause in adulthood?

A

Reorganisation of relevant cortical areas

54
Q

What does plasticity allow in adulthood?

A

Brain to respond to injury

55
Q

What promotes neurogenesis in the hippocampus?

A

Experience, learning and physical exercise

56
Q

What can neurogenesis in the hippocampus help maintain?

A

Cognitive function with aging

57
Q

How is plasticity also seen in later life?

A

As additional brain regions are used to compensate for effects of aging

PSY2013- Biological Psychology with Research Methods 2 (37 decks)

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