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PSY2013- Biological Psychology with Research Methods 2 > 5- Declarative Long-Term Memory > Flashcards

5- Declarative Long-Term Memory Flashcards

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1
Q

What does declarative memory need?

A

Conscious effort

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2
Q

How did Lashley investigate brain areas storing D-LTM?

A

Lesion study of rats in a maze

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3
Q

What was done to the rats in Lashley’s study?

A

Trained to run through a maze

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4
Q

What did lesions to rats create (Lashley)?

A

Mistakes

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5
Q

What was the volume of the lesion correlated with (Lashley)?

A

Performance loss

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6
Q

What were mistakes dependent on, and what were they not? (Lashley)

A

How large the lesion was, not where the lesion was

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7
Q

What did Lashley’s study show?

A

Brain areas are equipotential (having the same potential) in storing memory

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8
Q

How were humans studied for investigating areas involved in D-LTM?

A

Follow up in patients after surgery (different amounts of brain areas removed)

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9
Q

What was a poor surgery outcome determined by instead of what?

A

Majorly predicted by seizure recurrence and contralateral abnormalities rather than size or side of surgery

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10
Q

How did human studies contradict Lashley’s principle?

A

Shows it is to do with connectivity and functionality, not amount of brain we have

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11
Q

What does maze running involve?

A

Sensory memory of many senses that all contribute to performance

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12
Q

What were Lashley’s 3 conclusions?

A

Memory is-
1. Widely distributed
2. Not unitary and different types rely on different brain structures
3. Likely stored in brain areas involved in original sensory processing

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13
Q

What brain area does visual memory contain?

A

Higher visual cortex

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14
Q

What 2 pathways are involved in visual memory?

A

‘Where’ and ‘what’ pathways

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15
Q

What brain area involves the ‘where’ pathway?

A

Intraparietal sulcus

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16
Q

What brain area involves the ‘what’ pathway?

A

Inferior temporal cortex

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17
Q

What was found in inferior temporal cortexes of visual memory in monkeys?

A

Different neurons in this area associated with different faces

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18
Q

When do certain neurons spike more frequently in monkey visual memories?

A

For repeated presentations of certain faces- neurons can be tuned to a certain face

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19
Q

What are inferior temporal cortex neuron spiking a correlate of?

A

Visual memory trace

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20
Q

What brain area stores visual memory?

A

Inferior temporal cortex

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21
Q

What do fMRIs of expertise in recognition show in humans?

A

Experts in specific recognition show stronger activity in IT in response to expertise

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22
Q

What part of the hippocampus is particularly associated with spatial memory?

A

Parahippocampal gyrus

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23
Q

When was spatial memory investigated in mice?

A

In the radial arm maze and Morris’ water maze

24
Q

Why is the water maze task showing spatial + episodic memory?

A

The mouse must remember location and event

25
Q

What prevents performance in Morris’ water maze?

A

Hippocampal lesion

26
Q

What is shown by Morris’ water maze?

A

Experience-based spatial memory relies on the hippocampus

27
Q

What are place cells?

A

Hippocampal neurons that spike when in a location that has been previously explored

28
Q

What are grid cells?

A

Spatial correspondence between place cells

29
Q

How do London taxi drivers demonstrate the role of the hippocampus in human spatial memory?

A

Larger posterior part of hippocampus- volumetric hippocampus changes correlate with time spent driving taxi

30
Q

What did studying brains of London taxi drivers show?

A

Hippocampus is involved in spatial memory- place cells are encoded and retrieved in the Parahippocampal gyrus

31
Q

What is episodic memory?

A

Memory for events and their context

32
Q

How was the hippocampus shown to be involved in episodic memory?

A

Stronger hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus activity was shown when context of studied material is recollected correctly

33
Q

What type of amnesia did HM have and what did this mean?

A

Anterograde amnesia- he was unable to store any new episodic memories and hardly any new semantic long-term memories

34
Q

What parts of HM’s memory were intact?

A

His procedural memory and STM

35
Q

What did research on HM show?

A

The hippocampus is involved in acquiring rather than storing memory

36
Q

Lesions to which part of the brain cause Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A

The thalamus

37
Q

3 potential causes of Korsakoff’s syndrome

A
  1. Thiamin deficiency from alcohol abuse
  2. Anorexia/overly-stringent dieting
  3. Physical health- AIDS, kidney dialysis, chronic infection
38
Q

How does Korsakoff’s syndrome show us that the thalamus is involved in memory?

A

There is anterograde and retrograde amnesia seen in the disorder

39
Q

What is intact in Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A

Procedural memory

40
Q

What are concept cells?

A

Clusters of neurons working together to encode a concept

41
Q

How are memory entries stored in concept cells?

A

By a single neuron

42
Q

How do certain neurons fire in the hippocampus that means concept cells are useful?

A

Exclusively + invariantly in response to a stimulus

43
Q

What are super-concepts?

A

Association between one type of stimulus and another/more conceptually similar means associations between response

44
Q

What is an example of a super concept?

A

‘Jennifer Aniston neuron’ also responds to Lisa Kudrow- recognises Friends concept

45
Q

What is vulnerability like in concept cells?

A

Loss of this cell does not cause loss of concept

46
Q

How is complexity of concept cells shown?

A

Diverse aspects of memory cannot be coded for by a single cell alone

47
Q

How are memory entries stored in distributed representation?

A

By distributed networks of many neurons

48
Q

What is sparse distributed coding?

A

Modelling our brain using biologically inspired artificial neural networks

49
Q

What is created by sparse distributed coding?

A

Invariant response of concept neurons and multimodal recognition

50
Q

What is shown by sparse distributed coding?

A

Memories are coded by relatively sparsely distributed neuronal networks/assemblies

51
Q

How are memories stored in distributed networks set up?

A

By simultaneous activation during learning

52
Q

What can be the effect of assembly partial activation?

A

Reactivating the whole assembly

53
Q

Where are semantic memories stored?

A

The inferior temporal and parietal cortex

54
Q

Where are episodic memories stored?

A

The hippocampus and the thalamus

55
Q

How is declarative LTM stored and how is this strengthened?

A

In sparsely distributed representations and strengthened through Hebbian modification

PSY2013- Biological Psychology with Research Methods 2 (37 decks)

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