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PSY2013- Biological Psychology with Research Methods 2 > 9- Plasticity in Specific Brain Regions > Flashcards

9- Plasticity in Specific Brain Regions Flashcards

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1
Q

How can the motor cortex be mapped?

A

By TMS

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2
Q

What is the consequence of the TMS coil being over the motor cortex?

A

Triggers muscle activity

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3
Q

What does moving the TMS coil around across the motor cortex cause?

A

Activation of different muscles

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4
Q

What can TMS on the motor cortex generate?

A

A map of someone’s motor cortex

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5
Q

What suggests plasticity based on personal use?

A

Individual differences in body representation in the somatosensory and motor system

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6
Q

What studies tell us about plasticity?

A

Studying sensory disruption

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7
Q

When can sensorimotor areas reorganise?

A

If the input is changed

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8
Q

What does studying finger representations in congenital syndactyly show?

A

Motor cortex adapts itself based on the inputs coming in

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9
Q

How was use-dependent plasticity studied?

A

Seeing if playing a musical instrument changes the motor cortex

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10
Q

What did tactile stimulations of digits of left hand cause in musicians when ‘use-dependent plasticity’ was investigated?

A

Brain activity was shifted and greater strength of response

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11
Q

What was there correlation between when investigating use-dependent plasticity and what was this evidence of?

A

Correlation between experience and size of change, evidence for expansion of cortex

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12
Q

What does the auditory cortex contain?

A

Graded representation of sound frequencies

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13
Q

How is the auditory cortex different in the blind sighted?

A

Enlarged

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14
Q

What did blind participants show when having to localise a sound source at peripheral locations?

A

Better detection performance

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15
Q

What is activated in a blind person during Braille reading by touch?

A

Visual cortex

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16
Q

How does Braille reading activating the visual cortex suggest a change in function in blind people?

A

Visual cortex is being used for reading

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17
Q

How is TMS used to demonstrate cross-modal plasticity?

A

To disrupt visual cortex function

18
Q

What does disruption of the visual cortex cause in blind individuals?

A

Braille reading errors and distorts touch perceptions

19
Q

What is the effect of disrupting the visual cortex in controls?

A

No effect

20
Q

How can the motor cortex reorganise?

A

To support motor skills

21
Q

What is shown by studies in blind individuals?

A

Plasticity in other brain regions

22
Q

What expansion is shown by studies of blind individuals?

A

Expansion of the auditory cortex

23
Q

What does plasticity lead to?

A

Better performance

24
Q

What can provide useful insights into plasticity mechanisms?

A

Motor learning

25
Q

How does motor learning and motor cortex reorganisation occur?

A

Rapidly

26
Q

Plasticity also occurring in the adult brain shows what?

A

Plasticity is maintained through the lifespan

27
Q

What do TMS studies show?

A

Even simple movements can cause rapid reorganisation of motor cortex

28
Q

What is an example of injury-induced plasticity?

A

Motor cortex reorganises itself after stroke damage

29
Q

What is the brain’s response to practicing movements?

A

Motor cortex can rapidly reorganise itself

30
Q

What is the key mechanism in adult plasticity?

A

Long-term potentiation

31
Q

What causes brain plasticity?

A

Changes in synaptic weighting

32
Q

How does long-term potentiation cause connection between 2 neurons to become stronger?

A

A neuron repeatedly fires and excites another neuron

33
Q

What does long-term potentiation cause at the synapse?

A

Long-term strengthening of transmission

34
Q

What causes a bigger response in a second neuron?

A

Same input

35
Q

What is based on LTP?

A

Use-dependent plasticity in the motor system

36
Q

What does LTP depend on?

A

Activation of NMDA receptors

37
Q

What is the result of drugs blocking NMDA activation?

A

They prevent reorganisation of motor cortex after training

38
Q

When does plasticity occur?

A

In adulthood as well as childhood

39
Q

What is use-dependent plasticity?

A

Cortex reorganisation occurring in response to experience

40
Q

What is injury-induced plasticity?

A

Cortex reorganisation occurring in response to injury

41
Q

What is a functional consequence of plasticity?

A

Improved performance

42
Q

What is important for reorganisation?

A

Synaptic plasticity

PSY2013- Biological Psychology with Research Methods 2 (37 decks)

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