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PSY2013- Biological Psychology with Research Methods 2 > 8- Major Motivation Theories > Flashcards

8- Major Motivation Theories Flashcards

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1
Q

What is motivation?

A

What initiates, directs, and maintains our behaviours

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2
Q

Why can’t a single theory account for all aspects of motivation?

A

There are so many competing factors involved

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3
Q

4 factors involved in motivation

A

Biological, cognitive, social, environmental

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4
Q

What do instinct theories believe that behaviour is motivated by?

A

By instinct that is innate and are activated by environmental stimuli

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5
Q

How does Maslow’s hierarchy of needs view motivation?

A

Different motives compete- basic survival needs need to be satisfied first before we are motivated to satisfy higher-level needs

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6
Q

How is behaviour motivated according to arousal theory?

A

By the need to achieve optimum levels of arousal

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7
Q

Where does motivation originate from according to drive-reduction theory?

A

From biological needs to maintain the body in a state of balance or equilibrium

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8
Q

How is behaviour motivated by incentive theory?

A

By internal and external incentives or rewards

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9
Q

What does instinct theory suggest?

A

That instincts explain all human behaviours

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10
Q

What are the 3 factors of instincts in instinct theory?

A

Unlearned, innate, automatic

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11
Q

How many different instincts did McDougall propose?

A

18

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12
Q

What does McDougall suggest that instincts cause?

A

Us to respond in particular ways to a specific stimulus

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13
Q

What does McDougall say that instincts trigger?

A

Behaviours that aid in survival

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14
Q

What are some examples of instinctive behaviours in humans?

A

Many reflexes

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15
Q

Why can’t instincts explain all behaviours?

A

They are difficult to test

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16
Q

Is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs linear?

A

No

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17
Q

Which two needs are the only ones that are hierarchical according to research?

A

Only the 2 lowest needs

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18
Q

How are humans motivated according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

By a complex array of needs

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19
Q

How does Maslow’s hierarchy of needs believe that we are motivated?

A

To reach self-actualisation

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20
Q

2 limitations of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

Hard to test, and culturally specific

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21
Q

What does optimal arousal theory believe that the aim of motivation is?

A

To maintain an optimum level of arousal

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22
Q

What does optimal arousal theory believe that behaviour is in response to?

A

A need to raise or lower arousal needs

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23
Q

What are 3 things you might do to raise arousal levels?

A

Sports, socialise, watch an action film

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24
Q

What are 2 things that you might do to lower arousal levels?

A

Read a book, take a bath

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25
Q

What differences are there in the ‘optimal’ arousal level?

A

Individual

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26
Q

What levels of arousal produces best results on a task?

A

Optimal

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27
Q

How do arousal levels need to be optimal for performance?

A

Increased arousal can help improve performance, but only up to a certain point

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28
Q

Which tasks are more affected more by non-optimal levels of arousal?

A

Complex tasks

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29
Q

What are the 2 primary arousal systems?

A

Autonomic nervous system and cortical arousal system

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30
Q

Which system arouses the body?

A

Autonomic nervous system

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31
Q

Which system arouses the brain?

A

Cortical arousal system

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32
Q

What does drive reduction theory believe motivation is caused by?

A

Physiological needs create drives which motivates us to satisfy the need

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33
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Maintenance of a steady internal state

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34
Q

What does drive reduction theory see our survival depending on?

A

Our ability to maintain internal states

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35
Q

What are the 3 major constituents of foods?

A

Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

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36
Q

What do carbohydrates, fats, and proteins serve as for the human body?

A

Fuel molecules

37
Q

What is the main energy source in the brain?

A

Glucose

38
Q

How is glucose used by cells?

A

After being absorbed into the bloodstream

39
Q

What 3 forms is energy stored in the body?

A

Fat, glycogen, protein

40
Q

What is the body’s preferred form of storage?

A

Fat

41
Q

Where is glycogen made and stored primarily?

A

In liver and muscle

42
Q

How is glycogen used?

A

To maintain blood sugar levels

43
Q

When is protein broken down and used for energy?

A

When other stores are depleted

44
Q

What does the glucostatic hypothesis believe?

A

Drive is created by a need to maintain blood glucose and glycogen levels

45
Q

What is caused by a drop in blood glucose levels?

A

Increased appetite and triggers eating

46
Q

When do insulin levels increase?

A

During/after a meal

47
Q

What does insulin allow?

A

Cells to make use of glucose

48
Q

What does insulin promote?

A

Storage of excess glucose as glycogen

49
Q

Where is insulin produced?

A

In the pancreas

50
Q

When is insulin released?

A

When we eat and blood sugar levels rise

51
Q

How does insulin act?

A

As an appetite suppressant

52
Q

When does hunger return?

A

As insulin levels decrease

53
Q

What is the physiological aim of drive reduction?

A

Homeostasis

54
Q

What does the lipostatic hypothesis believe?

A

Level of body fat influences regulation of food consumption to maintain a stable body weight

55
Q

What 2 hormones are involved with the lipostatic hypothesis?

A

Leptin and ghrelin

56
Q

What does leptin do to appetite?

A

Suppresses it

57
Q

How is leptin produced?

A

By fat, stomach and other organs

58
Q

What are leptin levels positively correlated with?

A

The amount of body fat mass

59
Q

What does not influence leptin secretion?

A

Meal pattens

60
Q

When do leptin levels peak?

A

At midnight and early morning

61
Q

What is ghrelin and how is it produced?

A

A peptide hormone produced by the stomach

62
Q

How is ghrelin influenced?

A

By body fat levels

63
Q

When does ghrelin increase?

A

Between meals

64
Q

What does a ghrelin injection cause?

A

More food to be consumed

65
Q

What does ghrelin do to appetite?

A

Stimulates it

66
Q

What 4 things happen after a meal?

A
  1. Rise of glucose levels
  2. Rise of insulin
  3. Fall in ghrelin
  4. No effect on leptin
67
Q

What many functions does the hypothalamus perform?

A

Several regulatory functions

68
Q

What is the hypothalamus responsible for?

A

Autonomic nervous system including metabolic processes

69
Q

What does the hypothalamus contain?

A

Receptors for many peptide hormones

70
Q

What evidence for the hypothalamus regulating appetite and feeding behaviours did Hetherington & Ranson provide?

A

Removal of rat lateral hypothalamus causes diminished appetite for food, and electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus causes a rat to feed

71
Q

What did Hetherington and Ranson’s study suggest?

A

The hypothalamus acts as a ‘hunger centre’ and activation prompts us to eat

72
Q

What does Stellar’s centre model suggest?

A

A balance of activity between the lateral ventromedial hypothalamus controls eating

73
Q

3 things that lesions to the hypothalamus can cause

A
  1. Severe motor disturbances
  2. Lack of responsiveness to sensory input
  3. Damage to nearby fibres of passage important for sensory and reward processing
74
Q

What is suggested by a lack of responsiveness to sensory input from lateral hypothalamus lesions?

A

Suggests it has a much larger role in motivation, not just motivation for eating

75
Q

What processes is the hypothalamus and important control centre for?

A

Feeding and metabolism

76
Q

What does the hypothalamus receive?

A

Sensory information from stomach/intestines

77
Q

What is the hypothalamus sensitive to?

A

Leptin/ghrelin/insulin

78
Q

How can the hypothalamus regulate metabolism?

A

Via the autonomic nervous system

79
Q

2 areas that the hypothalamus outputs to

A

Nucleus accumbens and orbitofrontal cortex

80
Q

How does the hypothalamus act like a thermostat?

A

By regulating hunger and metabolism

81
Q

What does the set point theory believe will happen if we fall below ‘ideal’ weight?

A

Our body will increase hunger and decrease energy expenditure

82
Q

What is Basic Metabolic Rate?

A

Rate the body burns calories while at rest

83
Q

What happens if we go above our set point?

A

Hypothalamus tells us to stop eating and raises our metabolic rate to burn any excess food

84
Q

What does set point likely relate to?

A

Component of our body composition rather than body weight

85
Q

Why might set point theory be an oversimplified model?

A

Other factors can influence body weight and body composition

86
Q

How can people lower setpoint?

A

Through diet and exercise changes

87
Q

What is a settling point?

A

A dynamic equilibrium- interaction of biological and environmental factors

88
Q

How does drive reduction theory say we are motivated to act in a certain way?

A

Because of a physiological need to maintain homeostasis

89
Q

How does the hypothalamus act?

A

To regulate our eating behaviour and metabolic rate to maintain a stable body weight

PSY2013- Biological Psychology with Research Methods 2 (37 decks)

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