Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PSY2013- Biological Psychology with Research Methods 2 > 8- Major Motivation Theories > Flashcards

8- Major Motivation Theories Flashcards

(89 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is motivation?

A

What initiates, directs, and maintains our behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why can’t a single theory account for all aspects of motivation?

A

There are so many competing factors involved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

4 factors involved in motivation

A

Biological, cognitive, social, environmental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What do instinct theories believe that behaviour is motivated by?

A

By instinct that is innate and are activated by environmental stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How does Maslow’s hierarchy of needs view motivation?

A

Different motives compete- basic survival needs need to be satisfied first before we are motivated to satisfy higher-level needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How is behaviour motivated according to arousal theory?

A

By the need to achieve optimum levels of arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where does motivation originate from according to drive-reduction theory?

A

From biological needs to maintain the body in a state of balance or equilibrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How is behaviour motivated by incentive theory?

A

By internal and external incentives or rewards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What does instinct theory suggest?

A

That instincts explain all human behaviours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the 3 factors of instincts in instinct theory?

A

Unlearned, innate, automatic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How many different instincts did McDougall propose?

A

18

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does McDougall suggest that instincts cause?

A

Us to respond in particular ways to a specific stimulus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does McDougall say that instincts trigger?

A

Behaviours that aid in survival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some examples of instinctive behaviours in humans?

A

Many reflexes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why can’t instincts explain all behaviours?

A

They are difficult to test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs linear?

A

No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Which two needs are the only ones that are hierarchical according to research?

A

Only the 2 lowest needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

How are humans motivated according to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

By a complex array of needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How does Maslow’s hierarchy of needs believe that we are motivated?

A

To reach self-actualisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

2 limitations of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

A

Hard to test, and culturally specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does optimal arousal theory believe that the aim of motivation is?

A

To maintain an optimum level of arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What does optimal arousal theory believe that behaviour is in response to?

A

A need to raise or lower arousal needs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are 3 things you might do to raise arousal levels?

A

Sports, socialise, watch an action film

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are 2 things that you might do to lower arousal levels?

A

Read a book, take a bath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What differences are there in the 'optimal' arousal level?
Individual
26
What levels of arousal produces best results on a task?
Optimal
27
How do arousal levels need to be optimal for performance?
Increased arousal can help improve performance, but only up to a certain point
28
Which tasks are more affected more by non-optimal levels of arousal?
Complex tasks
29
What are the 2 primary arousal systems?
Autonomic nervous system and cortical arousal system
30
Which system arouses the body?
Autonomic nervous system
31
Which system arouses the brain?
Cortical arousal system
32
What does drive reduction theory believe motivation is caused by?
Physiological needs create drives which motivates us to satisfy the need
33
What is homeostasis?
Maintenance of a steady internal state
34
What does drive reduction theory see our survival depending on?
Our ability to maintain internal states
35
What are the 3 major constituents of foods?
Carbohydrates, fats, and proteins
36
What do carbohydrates, fats, and proteins serve as for the human body?
Fuel molecules
37
What is the main energy source in the brain?
Glucose
38
How is glucose used by cells?
After being absorbed into the bloodstream
39
What 3 forms is energy stored in the body?
Fat, glycogen, protein
40
What is the body's preferred form of storage?
Fat
41
Where is glycogen made and stored primarily?
In liver and muscle
42
How is glycogen used?
To maintain blood sugar levels
43
When is protein broken down and used for energy?
When other stores are depleted
44
What does the glucostatic hypothesis believe?
Drive is created by a need to maintain blood glucose and glycogen levels
45
What is caused by a drop in blood glucose levels?
Increased appetite and triggers eating
46
When do insulin levels increase?
During/after a meal
47
What does insulin allow?
Cells to make use of glucose
48
What does insulin promote?
Storage of excess glucose as glycogen
49
Where is insulin produced?
In the pancreas
50
When is insulin released?
When we eat and blood sugar levels rise
51
How does insulin act?
As an appetite suppressant
52
When does hunger return?
As insulin levels decrease
53
What is the physiological aim of drive reduction?
Homeostasis
54
What does the lipostatic hypothesis believe?
Level of body fat influences regulation of food consumption to maintain a stable body weight
55
What 2 hormones are involved with the lipostatic hypothesis?
Leptin and ghrelin
56
What does leptin do to appetite?
Suppresses it
57
How is leptin produced?
By fat, stomach and other organs
58
What are leptin levels positively correlated with?
The amount of body fat mass
59
What does not influence leptin secretion?
Meal pattens
60
When do leptin levels peak?
At midnight and early morning
61
What is ghrelin and how is it produced?
A peptide hormone produced by the stomach
62
How is ghrelin influenced?
By body fat levels
63
When does ghrelin increase?
Between meals
64
What does a ghrelin injection cause?
More food to be consumed
65
What does ghrelin do to appetite?
Stimulates it
66
What 4 things happen after a meal?
1. Rise of glucose levels 2. Rise of insulin 3. Fall in ghrelin 4. No effect on leptin
67
What many functions does the hypothalamus perform?
Several regulatory functions
68
What is the hypothalamus responsible for?
Autonomic nervous system including metabolic processes
69
What does the hypothalamus contain?
Receptors for many peptide hormones
70
What evidence for the hypothalamus regulating appetite and feeding behaviours did Hetherington & Ranson provide?
Removal of rat lateral hypothalamus causes diminished appetite for food, and electrical stimulation of the lateral hypothalamus causes a rat to feed
71
What did Hetherington and Ranson's study suggest?
The hypothalamus acts as a 'hunger centre' and activation prompts us to eat
72
What does Stellar's centre model suggest?
A balance of activity between the lateral ventromedial hypothalamus controls eating
73
3 things that lesions to the hypothalamus can cause
1. Severe motor disturbances 2. Lack of responsiveness to sensory input 3. Damage to nearby fibres of passage important for sensory and reward processing
74
What is suggested by a lack of responsiveness to sensory input from lateral hypothalamus lesions?
Suggests it has a much larger role in motivation, not just motivation for eating
75
What processes is the hypothalamus and important control centre for?
Feeding and metabolism
76
What does the hypothalamus receive?
Sensory information from stomach/intestines
77
What is the hypothalamus sensitive to?
Leptin/ghrelin/insulin
78
How can the hypothalamus regulate metabolism?
Via the autonomic nervous system
79
2 areas that the hypothalamus outputs to
Nucleus accumbens and orbitofrontal cortex
80
How does the hypothalamus act like a thermostat?
By regulating hunger and metabolism
81
What does the set point theory believe will happen if we fall below 'ideal' weight?
Our body will increase hunger and decrease energy expenditure
82
What is Basic Metabolic Rate?
Rate the body burns calories while at rest
83
What happens if we go above our set point?
Hypothalamus tells us to stop eating and raises our metabolic rate to burn any excess food
84
What does set point likely relate to?
Component of our body composition rather than body weight
85
Why might set point theory be an oversimplified model?
Other factors can influence body weight and body composition
86
How can people lower setpoint?
Through diet and exercise changes
87
What is a settling point?
A dynamic equilibrium- interaction of biological and environmental factors
88
How does drive reduction theory say we are motivated to act in a certain way?
Because of a physiological need to maintain homeostasis
89
How does the hypothalamus act?
To regulate our eating behaviour and metabolic rate to maintain a stable body weight

PSY2013- Biological Psychology with Research Methods 2 (37 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions