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PSY2013- Biological Psychology with Research Methods 2 > 7- Acquired Brain Injury > Flashcards

7- Acquired Brain Injury Flashcards

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1
Q

What surgery did HM have?

A

Temporal lobe bilateral surgery

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2
Q

What did HM’s surgery not effect?

A

Remained of normal intelligence and had no psychological illness

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3
Q

What did HM’s surgery negatively result in and what did this mean?

A

Intense anterograde amnesia- destroyed ability to form new memories and recognise new people

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4
Q

What did studying HM show us?

A

There are separate memory forms

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5
Q

3 things that weren’t affected by HM’s surgery

A

Working memory, old and new procedural memory, facts/events from before damage

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6
Q

What memory was affected by HM’s surgery?

A

New facts/events memory

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7
Q

What amnesia was caused by HM’s surgery and what did this show?

A

Severe anterograde amnesia showing the hippocampus is critical for forming new memories

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8
Q

What type of processing is there that shows that the hippocampus provides a high-level brain function?

A

Lots of visual processing until any sensory info reaches the hippocampus

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9
Q

Where do other senses show a complex processing similar to visual processing?

A

Upstream of the hippocampus

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10
Q

Why are high-level brain areas expected to be very difficult to understand?

A

Due to responses being very complex

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11
Q

Who discovered place cells in the hippocampus in 1971?

A

O’Keefe and Dostrovosky

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12
Q

When do place cells fire?

A

When an animal is in a specific space region

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13
Q

What do multi-electrode recordings show?

A

That place fields of these cells provide a spatial ‘map’

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14
Q

Which lesions impair spatial navigation?

A

Dorsal hippocampal lesions

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15
Q

What do hippocampal place cells provide?

A

Spatial context for a memory

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16
Q

What did Maguire et al (2000) find?

A

London taxi drivers have a larger posterior hippocampus compared to experience-matched bus drivers

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17
Q

How did experience relate to brain structure (Maguire et al, 2000)?

A

More experience means a larger posterior hippocampus

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18
Q

What does the hippocampus bind and support?

A

Binds together different aspects of an event and supports recollection

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19
Q

Who suggested the Relational Theory of Hippocampal Function?

A

Cohen & Eichenbaum, 1993

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20
Q

How is an ‘episode’ (memory) formed according to the Relational Theory of Hippocampal Function?

A

Hippocampus supports ‘binding together’ of all perceptually and conceptually distinct aspects and elements that make up the memory

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21
Q

What does hippocampal damage tell us about memory?

A

There are dissociable systems

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22
Q

What is the hippocampus crucial for?

A

Forming new memories

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23
Q

What is the hippocampus not crucial for?

A

Recall of older memories

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24
Q

How is the hippocampus shown to be crucial for certain functions but not for others?

A

Anterograde not retrograde amnesia observed

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25
Q

Memories needing to be ‘consolidated’ and hippocampal-independent over time shows what?

A

Memories are stored elsewhere in the brain

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26
Q

Which brain structure acts as a ‘relay station’ in memory formation?

A

Thalamus

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27
Q

Where is the thalamus located?

A

Near centre of the brain

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28
Q

How do nerve fibres project out of the thalamus?

A

In all directions

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29
Q

What brain structure does the thalamus have many connections to?

A

The hippocampus

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30
Q

What other brain structure is the thalamus densely connected to?

A

The cerebral cortex

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31
Q

What is the thalamus thought to be critical for?

A

Information transfer from hippocampus to cortex

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32
Q

How is Korsakoff’s syndrome caused?

A

By thiamine deficiency due to alcoholism

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33
Q

What does Korakoff’s syndrome result in?

A

Thalamus damage

34
Q

What does Korsakoff’s syndrome suggest about the thalamus?

A

It is important to form memories

35
Q

Which memories are better preserved in Korsakoff’s syndrome?

A

Earlier memories

36
Q

What does Korsakoff’s syndrome suggest happens over a long timeframe?

A

Memories are stored in a way not requiring the thalamus

37
Q

How is sensory information bound together in hippocampal formation?

A

To form a memory ‘episode’

38
Q

How does info get slowly transformed to the cortex?

A

Via the thalamus acting as a ‘bridge’

39
Q

What is an alternative view of how memories are consolidated?

A

Over time, memories become more ‘semantic’ and stored according to meaning

40
Q

What is suggested by giving semantic knowledge tests to patients with hippocampal lesions?

A

That the cortex can learn semantic info independent of the hippocampus

41
Q

What was intact in patients with hippocampal lesions?

A

Earlier knowledge recall

42
Q

What did patients with large hippocampal lesions exhibit?

A

Some capacity for new word learning, names and faces- but low performance

43
Q

2 limitations of case studies of hippocampal damage

A
  1. Damage is not usually confined to a single brain structure
  2. Cases are often rare/unique- makes drawing generalisable conclusions difficult
44
Q

How is a stroke defined?

A

A disruption of blood supply and subsequent brain damage

45
Q

What are the 2 types of stroke?

A

Ischemic and haemorrhagic

46
Q

What is the cause of ischemic strokes?

A

Blood clots

47
Q

How many strokes are ischemic strokes?

A

85%

48
Q

How are ischemic strokes characterised?

A

Constriction/blockage of blood vessels- brain starved of oxygen

49
Q

How is a haemorrhagic stroke characterised?

A

Rupture of blood vessels

50
Q

Why do symptoms of an ischemic stroke occur suddenly?

A

Because brain tissue death occurs in minutes

51
Q

What happens to the cells surrounding an ischemic stroke location?

A

They are deprived of blood/oxygen

52
Q

How can doctors usually identify where stroke damage occurred?

A

Based on symptoms

53
Q

What can show the extent of stroke damage?

A

Brain imaging

54
Q

3 ways the brain responds physically to stroke damage via repair processes

A
  1. Creating new blood vessels
  2. Axonal growth and remyelination
  3. Creating new synapses and neurons
55
Q

How may the brain respond functionally to stroke damage by reorganisation?

A

Surrounding brain region or opposite hemisphere takes on function

56
Q

What do repair processes and reorganisation show?

A

Recovery of function is possible

57
Q

Can people still make full recoveries after severe strokes?

A

Yes

58
Q

When does most stroke recovery take place?

A

Over the first 3 months

59
Q

Why are people very quickly given intense rehabilitation programs after a stroke?

A

Recovery takes place very soon after

60
Q

When is rehabilitation most important?

A

During the first 3 months

61
Q

When does motor function most often nearly completely recover?

A

Within the first few months

62
Q

What are the most common cognitive impairments after strokes?

A

In psychomotor speed and executive function

63
Q

Over the first 6 months following a stroke, how is recovery?

A

Some recovery of function is possible, particularly in executive function and visual memory

64
Q

From 6 months onwards following a stroke, how is recovery?

A

Limited scope for improvement

65
Q

What determines whether or not strokes cause cognitive problems?

A

Which brain region(s) have been affected

66
Q

How many stroke patients experience cognitive impairment or decline?

A

About 2/3

67
Q

How many stroke patients go on to develop dementia?

A

About 1/3

68
Q

How much greater is dementia development risk among individuals who have experienced stroke?

A

10 times greater

69
Q

What can knowledge of stroke damaged regions inform?

A

Knowledge of which brain regions link to specific functions

70
Q

What 3 language problems can a stroke cause?

A

Aphasia, agraphia, alexia

71
Q

What is aphasia?

A

Problems producing speech

72
Q

2 types of aphasia

A

Broca’s aphasia, Wernicke’s aphasia

73
Q

What characterises Broca’s aphasia?

A

Limited speech production

74
Q

What characterises Wernicke’s aphasia?

A

Fluent, nonsense speech

75
Q

What is difficulties accessing semantics in aphasia associated with?

A

Damage to temporoparietal in left hemisphere

76
Q

What do aphasia patients show that the temporoparietal regions are important for?

A

Storing word meanings

77
Q

What does aphasia show about the left prefrontal regions?

A

They are important for controlling access to word meanings

78
Q

How is agraphia characterised?

A

Spelling and writing problems

79
Q

How is alexia also known?

A

Word blindness/visual aphasia

80
Q

What causes alexia?

A

Damage to visual/temporal regions in left hemisphere

81
Q

What problems are involved in alexia?

A

Reading problems

PSY2013- Biological Psychology with Research Methods 2 (27 decks)

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