8th grade ch 18 Flashcards
why industry boomed2
- more coal/steel in west
- new railroads in west
patent
document giving someone the sole right to make and sell an invention
thomas edison
invented light bulb
alexander graham bell
invented the telephone
christopher sholes
invented type writer
george eastman
invented lightweight camera
henry ford
invented more affordable automobile
assembly line
manufacturing method in which a product is put together as it moves along a belt
wilbur and orville wright
invented gas powered airplane
entrepreneur
someone who sets up new businesses to make a profit
corporations2
- businesses owned by many investors
- less risk for investors, more risk for full time owners
banks
lent huge amounts of capital to corporations to help industry grow faster
monopoly
company that controls most or all businesses in a particular industry
andrew carnegie2
- born poor
- established carnegie steel company
gospel of wealth
carnegie philosophy that says that the rich had a duty to improve society
john d rockefeller2
- born poor
- established standard oil trust
trust2
- group of corporations run by a single board of directors=
- saw as a threat to free enterprise
free enterprise
system in which privately owned businesses compete freely
social darwinism
businesses that drove out their competitors deserved to survive
changes in workplace3
- workplaces grew
- more women and children
- disease and injury
sweatshop
manufacturing workshop where workers toil long hours under poor conditions for low pay
knights of labor2
- admitted women, blacks, immigrants, and unskilled workers
- huge killing in haymarket square, knights lost influence
american federation of labor3
- founder: samuel gompers
- only admitted skilled workers, not enough
- believed in collective bargaining
collective bargaining
unions negotiate with management for workers as a group
urbanization
rapid growth of city population
mary harris jones2
- advocated for children’s rights
- known as mother jones
reasons for urbanization
- cities attracted industry, industry attracted people
- waterways for trade
public transportation
gave rise to suburbs on the outskirts of the cities
tenement
buildings divided into many tiny apartments
improving city life3
- streetlights
- fire/police departments
- salvation army
jane addams
opened hull house, a settlement house in chicago that helped poor people
settlement house
center offering help to urban poor
department store2
- people came downtown to buy goods that came from factories
- offered many different kinds of goods in one store
reasons for migration4
- more jobs
- religious freedom
- political unrest
- more land
steerage
large compartments that usually held cattle
immigrant neighborhoods2
- settled in cities
- settled around people of their same ethnicity
assimilation
process of becoming part of another culture
anarchist
person who opposes all forms of government
nativists2
- sought to preserve u.s. for native-born american citizens
- associated immigrants with violence, crime, and anarchy
chinese exclusion act
first law limiting immigration based on race. repealed in 1943
bad immigrant law in 1917(2)
- immigrants who could not read their own languages can’t enter u.s.
- education was for the wealthy, so most people could not immigrate
compulsory education
requirement that kids attend school up to a certain age
kids school day2
- learned reading, ‘riting, and ‘rithmetic
- readings taught moral values and christian religion
adult education2
- public libraries opened to offer knowledge to adults
- new state universities, which were free
Chautauqua Society
group that gave lectures on variety of subjects to adults
realist
writer who tries to show life as it is, emphasizes the harsh side
mark twain2
- real name: Samuel Clemens
- made realistic stories by copying real ways that people from south spoke
causes of newspaper boom2
- education: as more americans could read, they bought more newspapers
- urbanization: in cities, people need newspapers to stay informed
joseph pulitzer
created first modern, mass-circulation newspaper, New York World
yellow journalism
describes the sensational reporting style of New York World
george pullman4
- manufacturer of railroad cars
- cut his workers’ pay by 25%
- refused to lower rents on company-owned housing
- caused violent disputes
