8C: Social Interactions Flashcards
Status
Socially defined positions within a society
Types of Status
Master, Ascribed, Achieved
Master Status
Position that dominates
Ascribed Status
Position assigned to you by society regardless of effort
Achieved Status
Position that is earned
Role
Socially defined expectations about how a person will behave based on status
Role Conflict
When two or more statuses are held by an individual and there is conflict between the expectations for each
Role Strain
When you face conflicting expectations for a single role
Role Exit
When you transition from one role to another
Group
A collection of people that interact with one another
Primary Group
Small social group, close personal relationships, long lasting relationships; family/childhood friends
Secondary Group
Groups that someone chooses to be a part of, less personal, temporary, based on interest in activity; work groups
Networks
Web of social relationships; direct and indirect links to people; no hierarchy
Immediate Networks
Dense with strong ties to each other; friends
Distant Networks
Loose with weaker ties to each other; acquaintances
Organization
Large group of people w/ a common purpose, very complex, impersonal and lots of hierarchy
Types of Organizations
Utilitarian, Normative, Coercive
Utilitarian Organization
Members get paid for their efforts (jobs, businesses)
Normative Organization
Members are motivated by morally relevant goals (doctors without borders)
Coercive Organization
Members are forced to join (prison)
Bureaucracy
Rational system of political organization, administration, discipline and control; less efficient due to their slow changing nature
6 characteristics of a Bureaucracy
Paid Officials Officials with rights and privileges Regular salary increases Seniority rights Promotion upon passing exams Response for meeting demands
Iron Law of Oligarchy
Democratic or Bureaucratic systems naturally shift to being ruled by an elite group
Self-Presentation
The process of displaying oneself to society through culturally accepted behaviors; people use strategies to shape what others will think of them
Basic Model
There are universal emotion along with corresponding expressions which can be understood across culture
Social Construction Model
Emotions are solely based on situational context of social interactions
Display Rules
Unspoken rules that govern the expression of emotion
Cultural Syndrome
A shared set of beliefs, norms, values and behaviors organized round a central theme
How are emotions expressed and detected?
Through self-presentation, gender and culture
Self-Presentation
The way people try to control or influence the perceptions of other people
Gender Influence
Masculinity = aggressive and tough Femininity = ladylike and emotional
Cultural Influence
Verbal expression, facial expression, non-verbal expressions
Impression Management
Self-Presentation
Our attempts to influence how others perceive us
The Authentic Self
Who the person actually is (positive and negative attributes)
The Ideal Self
Who we would like to be under optimal circumstances
The Tactical Self
Who we market ourselves to be when we adhere to others expectations of us
Impression Management Strategies
Self Disclosure Managing Appearances Ingratiation Aligning Actions Alter-casting
Self Disclosure
Giving information about oneself to establish an identity
Managing Appearances
Using appearance, emotional expression or associations to create a positive image
Ingratiation
Using flattery or conforming to expectations to win someone over
Aligning actions
Making questionable behavior acceptable through excuses
Alter-casting
Imposing an identity onto another person
Dramaturgical Perspective/Approach
We imagine ourselves as playing certain roles when interacting with others and as a result of that we have a front and back stage self
Front Stage Self
We perform according to the setting, role and script in order to conform to the image we want others to see
Back Stage Self
We let down our guard and be ourselves, when we are not being observed by an audience, without having to worry about ruining his performance
Verbal Communication
Transmission of information via the used of words, whether spoken, written or signed.
Nonverbal Communication
How people communicate, intentionally or unintentionally without words.
Animal Communication
Any behavior of one animal that affects the behavior of another; body language,
rudimentary facial expressions (baring teeth in dogs),
visual displays (peacocks plumage),
scents (pheromones, skunks) and vocalization (bird calls, growling).
Pheromones
Communication intraspecially (between members of the same species) and interspecially (between members of different species); they’re given off by members of a species to attract a mate. They can also be used to mark an animals territory or as a defense mechanism
Altruism
Selflessness toward other people
Game Theory
An attempt to explain decision-making behavior; game payoff refers to fitness
Discrimination
A specific way of acting toward a group or its members; it’s a specific type of behavior
Individual Discrimination
When an individual treats another person/group negatively and different from others; involves exclusion or restriction of others
Institutional Discrimination
When a legal system, government, corporation, school or some other institution intentionally differentiate members of a group
What is the relationship between prejudice & discrimination?
They employ a circular relationship - one leads to the other
Which process is the result of behavior?
A. Stereotyping
B. Prejudice
C. Discrimination
C
Which process is the result of attitude?
A. Stereotyping
B. Prejudice
C. Discrimination
B
What is Illusory Correlation?
When a relationship is perceived between variables evven when no such relationship exists
What is Gemeinschaft?
A group unified by feelings of togetherness due to shared beliefs, ancestry or geography
e.g. Family
What is Gesellschaft?
A group unified by mutual self interest in achieving a goal
e.g. Company
What is Groupthink?
It is when the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in a consensual perspective without much though or alternative viewpoints
How does the groupthink phenomenon affect the group?
The members begin to focus solely on ideas generated within the group while ignoring outside ideas
