Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MCAT > 7A: Individual Influences on Behavior > Flashcards

7A: Individual Influences on Behavior Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
MCAT flashcards
1
Q

What are the two major divisions of the nervous system?

A

Central and Peripheral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the CNS include?

A

Brain and spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the PNS include?

A

Cranial and spinal nerves; divided into somatic (voluntary) and autonomic (involuntary) divisions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the divisions of the ANS?

A

Parasympathetic (Rest & Digest)

Sympathetic (Fight or Flight)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the types of neurons in the nervous system?

A

Sensory (Afferent)
Interneurons
Motor (Efferent)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the structure of the neuron?

A 
Cell Body (Soma)
Dendrites
Axon Hillock
Axon
Myelin Sheath
Synaptic Terminal
Nodes of Ranvier
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are neurotransmitters?

A

These are what neurons use to communicate with each other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the function of Acetylcholine?

A

Associated with voluntary movement (muscle contraction) and development of memory in the hippocampus; also used for alertness
Excess: depression
Shortage: dementia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the function of Serotonin?

A

Regulates appetite, sex drive, moods and ability to sleep

Shortage: depression/anxiety disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the function of Dopamine?

A

Affects our ability to concentrate, pay attention, learn and move
Excess: Schizophrenia
Shortage: Parkinsons Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the function of Norepinephrine?

A

Involved with glucose metabolism and energy

Shortage: Depression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the function of γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA)?

A

It is an inhibitory neurotransmitter; reduces neuronal excitability
Shortage: Anxiety Disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of Endorphins?

A

It is an inhibitory neuropeptide that is involved with pain reduction; Enkephalins also do the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are reflex arcs?

A

These utilize the ability of interneurons in the spinal cord to relay information to the source of stimuli while simultaneously routing it to the brain

Receptor -> Sensory -> Integration center -> Motor -> Effector

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What structures are in the forebrain?

A 
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Basal Ganglia
Limbic System
Cerebral Cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What structures are in the midbrain?

A

Inferior and Superior Colliculi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What structures are in the hindbrain?

A

Cerebellum
Medulla Oblongata
Reticular Formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What structures are in the brainstem?

A

Medulla
Pons
Midbrain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Function of Thalamus

A

Relay station for sensory infromation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Function of Hypothalamus

A

Maintain homeostasis & integrates with the endocrine system through the hypophyseal portal system that connects to the anterior pituitary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Function of Basal Ganglia

A

Smoothen movements and help maintain postural stability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Function of Limbic System

A

Controls Emotion and Memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Function of Septal Nuclei

A

Involved with feelings of pleasure, pleasure-seeking behavior and addiction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Function of Amygdala

A

Controls fear and aggression

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Function of Hippocampus

A

Consolidates memories and communicates with other parts of the limbic system through the fornix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Parts of the Cerebral Cortex

A

Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Function of Frontal Lobe

A

Controls executive function, impulse control, long-term planning, motor function and speech production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Function of Parietal Lobe

A

Controls sensation of touch, pressure, temperature and pain; spatial processing, spatial orientation and spatial manipulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Function of Occipital Lobe

A

Controls visual processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Function of Temporal Lobe

A

Controls sound processing, speech perception, memory and emotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Which hemisphere of the brain is usually dominant for language?

A

The Left Hemisphere

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are some cortical functions that are lateralized?

A

Language, handedness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are some methods used to study the brain?

A

Creating lesions, using electroencephalograms (brain waves), computerized axial tomography (3D picture), magnetic resonance imaging (detailed picture), positron emission tomography (brain activity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the functions of the endocrine system?

A

It is utilized as a way for cells to communicate with one of another over long distances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What coordinates the endocrine system?

A

Hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

What is the function of the pituitary gland?

A

Secretes hormones and neurotransmitters for growth, reproduction and mental development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the function of the thyroid gland?

A

Regulate metabolism, energy usage and it has immune functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is the function of the parathyroid gland?

A

It is used to manage proper bone development; regulate calcium levels in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is the function of the adrenal gland?

A

Releases adrenaline and manages energy usage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is the function of the pineal gland?

A

It connects the endocrine and nervous system; it releases melatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is the function of the reproductive gland (ovaries & testes)?

A

Produces estrogen, testosterone and progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What is the function of cortisol?

A

Released by the adrenal cortex during stress to mediate blood glucose levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is the function of testosterone & estrogen?

A

They mediate libido and produce secondary sexual characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is the function of epinephrine & norepinephrine?

A

They are released by adrenal medulla and cause physiological changes associated with the sympathetic nervous system involved in HR, BP, Metabolism etc.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

How does the endocrine system affect behavior?

A

It is involved in reproductive behaviors, sleeping patterns (wakefulness) and emotions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

How do genes affect behavior?

A

Certain behaviors are predetermined by genetics and some personality traits are influenced by genes; manipulating genes in a species can affect their behavior characteristics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What are temperaments?

A

A person’s or animal’s nature, especially as it permanently affects their behaviour.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are the three types of temperaments?

A

Difficult, Easy, Cautious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

How does heredity influence behavior?

A

Parents pass their traits to their children; personality and behavior characteristics overlap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Nature vs. Nurture

A

It describes the contributions of genetics and environment on an individual’s trait

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Family Studies (Nature vs. Nurture)

A

Looks at the relative frequency of a trait within a family compared to the general population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Twin Studies (Nature vs. Nurture)

A

Compares concordance rates between monozygotic and dizygotic twins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Adoption Studies

A

Compare similarities between adopted children and their adoptive parents, relative to similarities with their biological parents

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Describe the value of traits/behaviors

A

They are adaptive and adjustable, change throughout development, culture and environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

How does the nervous system develop?

A

Through neurulation, which is when the notochord stimulates ectoderm to fold over creating neural tube, covered by the neural crest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

What does the neural tube become?

A

The central nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What do the neural crest cells become?

A

They spread out throughout the body, differentiating into many different tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

What are the stages of embryonic development?

A

Fertilization -> Cleavage -> Gastrulation -> Neurulation -> Neural Crest Formation -> Organogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Fertilization

A

The union of male and female gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Cleavage

Embryo called: blastula

A

The zygote rapidly divides into many smaller cells without an overall increase in size; it increases in mass

Blastomeres are formed, which eventually form a morula followed by a blastula which is filled with blastocoel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Gastrulation

Embryo called: gastrula

A

Cells of the zygote form the primary germ layers (ecto, meso and endoderm); the blastocoel is eliminated and the archenteron is formed;

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Neurulation

Embryo called: Neurula

A

The nervous system begins to form through the creation of the neural tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Neural Crest Formation

A

Form sensory cells, adrenal medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Organogenesis

A

Different body organs begin to form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

What does the ectoderm differentiate into?

A

Skin, lens of the eye, brain and nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

What does the mesoderm differentiate into?

A

Notochord, Heart, Skeleton, Muscle, Epithelia of Organs, Reproductive Organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What does the endoderm differentiate into?

A

Inner lining of digestive tract, respiratory tract, major glands such as liver, pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

What are primitive reflexes?

A

These exist in infants and should disappear with age, most served in a protective role

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Rooting Reflex

A

Infants turn his or her head toward anything that brushes the cheek

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Moro Reflex

A

Infant extends the arms and slowly retracts them and cries in response to a falling sensation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Babinski Reflex

A

The big toe is extended and the other toes fan in response to the brushing of the sole of the foot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Grasping Reflex

A

The infant grabs anything put into his or her hand

73
Q

How do gross and fine motor abilities progress?

A

Head to Toe

Core to Periphery

74
Q

How do social skills progress?

A

They shift from parent-oriented to self-oriented to other-oriented

75
Q

How do language skills progress?

A

They becoming increasingly complex with age

76
Q

What developmental changes occur in adolescence?

A

People develop abilities to comprehend abstract ideas, mature senses, grow independence

77
Q

What physical developmental changes occur in adolescence?

A

In girls, breasts are developed, menstruation begins, pubic hair develops

In boys, testes and scrotum grows, pubic hair, armpit, leg, chest and facial hair grow, voice becomes deeper

78
Q

Define Personality

A

Describes the set of thoughts, feelings, traits and behaviors which are characteristic of an individual across time and different locations

79
Q

What are the theories of personality?

A
  1. Psychoanalytic
  2. Humanistic
  3. Trait
  4. Social Cognitive
  5. Biological
  6. Behaviorist
80
Q

Describe the Psychoanalytic Perspective

A

They assume that unconscious internal states that motivate the overt actions of individuals and determine personality

81
Q

What are Sigmund Freud’s contributions to the psychoanalytic perspective

A

Freud studied the ID, Ego and Superego

82
Q

Define the ID

A

It consists of the basic, primal, inborn urges to survive and reproduce

83
Q

Describe the ID

A

The ID seeks pleasure (pleasure principle) and it has a primary process (response to frustration) in which it seeks immediate gratification

84
Q

Define the Ego

A

It is the reality principle, it balances between pleasure and pain; it acts as the organizer of the mind

85
Q

Describe the Ego

A

It takes into account objective reality and inhibits the pleasure principle, seeks delayed gratification and it moderates desires of the superego

86
Q

Define the Superego

A

It is the perfectionist, judges our actions and responds with pride at our accomplishments and guilt at our failures

87
Q

Describe the Superego

A

It is the morality principle, considered to be conscious drive and social morality

88
Q

What is the preconscious?

A

Thoughts we are not aware of

89
Q

What is the unconscious?

A

Thoughts that have been repressed

90
Q

What is Eros?

A

Life instincts that promote an individuals quest for survival through thirst, hunger and sexual needs

91
Q

What is Thanatos?

A

Death instincts that represent an unconscious wish for death and destruction

92
Q

What are defense mechanisms?

A

The ego’s recourse for relieving anxiety caused by the clash of the id and superego; it begins with denying, falsifying or distorting reality and then operating unconsciously

93
Q

What is repression?

A

The ego’s way of forcing undesired thoughts and urges to the unconscious; it is considered unconscious forgetting

94
Q

What is suppression?

A

It is a conscious form of forgetting

95
Q

What is regression?

A

It is reversion to an earlier developmental state; older children reverting to thumb-sucking, throwing temper tantrums or clinging to their mothers

96
Q

What is reaction formation?

A

When individuals suppress urges by unconsciously converting them into their exact opposites

97
Q

What is projection?

A

Individuals attributing their undesired feelings to tohers

98
Q

What is rationalization?

A

Justification of behaviors in a manner that is acceptable to the self and society

99
Q

What is displacement?

A

The transference of an undesired urge from one person or object to another

100
Q

What is sublimation?

A

The transformation of unacceptable urges into socially acceptable behaviors

101
Q

What are Carl Jung’s contributions to the psychoanalytic perspective?

A

He thought of libido as psychic energy and described a personal unconscious and collective unconscious

102
Q

What are Carl Jung’s archetypes?

A

Persona, Anima, Animus, Shadow

103
Q

What is self as described by Carl Jung?

A

Self was the point of intersection between the collective unconscious, the personal unconscious and the conscious mind

104
Q

What are Jung’s dichotomies?

A

E vs. I
S vs. N
T vs. F

105
Q

What is extraversion?

A

Orientation toward the external world

106
Q

What is introversion?

A

Orientation toward the inner, personal world

107
Q

What is sensing?

A

Obtaining objective information about the world

108
Q

What is intuition?

A

Working with information abstractly

109
Q

What is thinking?

A

Using logic and reason

110
Q

What is feeling?

A

Using a value system or personal beliefs

111
Q

What is the Humanistic Perspective?

A

These theories focus on the value of individuals and appreciate a person-centered approach; it suggests that humans think rationally and have the ability to control biological urges

112
Q

Define Maslow’s view on personality

A

He argued that humans need self actualization to recognize one’s own potential

113
Q

How did Maslow describe people of the humanistic perspective?

A

They displayed self-acceptance, awareness, openness, sense of humor, close relationships with others and emotional satisfaction

114
Q

Define Carl Rogers view on personality

A

He argued that people have the freedom to control their own behavior and are neither slaves to the unconscious nor subjects of faulty learning

115
Q

What is incongruence?

A

The idea that there is a difference between the self-concept and reality

116
Q

What is congruence?

A

The idea that self-concept is pretty similar to reality

117
Q

What is the trait perspective?

A

It describes a stable pattern of behavior, thought and emotion; they describe individual personality as the sum of persons characteristic behaviors

118
Q

What is Gordon Allport’s’ view?

A

He argued that conscious traits better represent personality than unconscious drives

119
Q

What are Allport’s 3 traits?

A

Cardinal
Central
Secondary

120
Q

What are cardinal traits?

A

Dominates and shapes one’s characteristics which provide direction to life

121
Q

What are central traits?

A

General traits found in everyone, drive daily interactions, always want control a situation

122
Q

What are secondary traits?

A

These are specific responses to specific situations

123
Q

What are William Sheldon’s somatotypes?

A

Short & Stocky = Jolly
Tall = High-strung and Aloof
In Between = Strong and Well-Adjusted

124
Q

Type A Personality

A

Competitive and compulsive

125
Q

Type B Personality

A

Laid-back and relax

126
Q

PEN Model of Traits

A 
Psychoticism
Extraversion
Neuroticism
Openness
Conscientiousness
127
Q

Psychoticism

A

A measure of nonconformity or social deviance

128
Q

Extraversion

A

a measure of tolerance for social interaction and stimulation

129
Q

Neuroticism

A

A measure of emotional arousal in stressful situations

130
Q

What is Functional Autonomy?

A

Behavior continues despite satisfaction of the drive that originally created behavior

131
Q

What is the Social Cognitive Perspective?

A

Focuses on how our environment influences our behavior but also how we interact with the enviroment

132
Q

Reciprocal Determinism

A

The idea that our thoughts, feelings, behaviors and environment all interact with each other to determine our actions in a given situation; people choose environments that suit their personalities

133
Q

What is Biological Perspective?

A

It suggests that personality can be explained as a result of genetic expression in the brain; involves motivation, reward and punishment as well as levels of neurotransmitters

134
Q

What is the Behaviorist Perspective?

A

This perspective is based on operant condition; it suggests that personality is a reflection of behaviors that have been reinforced over time

135
Q

What is Attribution Theory?

A

A theory which attempts to explain how individuals view behavior; they attribute behavior to internal causes (dispositional attribution) or external causes (situational attribution

136
Q

Which factors influence motivation?

A

Instinct, Arousal, Drives and Needs

137
Q

What is instinct?

A

Innate behavior from biological influences, occurs in absence of learning

138
Q

What is arousal?

A

Awake state, stimulated by reticular formation

139
Q

What are drives?

A

Internal states that activates behavior; when need is satisfied, drive is reduced

140
Q

What are needs?

A

Needs give purpose and direction to behavior, toward a certain goal; society and culture influence the needs

141
Q

What are innate needs?

A

Food, Water etc.

142
Q

What are learned needs?

A

Achievements, Power etc.

143
Q

What is motivation?

A

It is the purpose behind our actions

144
Q

What is extrinsic motivation?

A

This comes from outside oneself; it includes rewards for showing a desired behavior or avoiding punishment if desired behavior is not achieved

145
Q

What is intrinsic motivation?

A

This comes from within oneself; it can driven by interest in a task or pure enjoyment

146
Q

Which theories explain how motivation affects human behavior?

A 
Instinct Theory, 
Drive Reduction Theory, 
Arousal Theory, 
Need-Based Theory, 
Incentive Theory,
Expectancy-Value Theory
Sexual Motivation Theory
147
Q

Instinct Theory

A

Motivation is based on instincts where are innate, fixed patterns of behavior in response to stimuli; behavioral drives are based on evolutionarily instincts

148
Q

Arousal Theory

A

The psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli and influences motivation; people perform actions in order to maintain an optimal level of arousal

Involves the brainstem, ANS, endocrine system and it plays a vital role in behavior and cognition

149
Q

Drive Reduction Theory

A

This theory states that people behave certain ways to decrease their needs and maintain physiological equilibrium;

Primary drive are the need for food, water and warmth which motivate us to sustain bodily processes in homeostasis

150
Q

Ghrelin

A

Creates a hunger drive and motivate eating

151
Q

Leptin

A

This curves hunger

152
Q

What are secondary drives?

A

Those that are not directly related to biological processes that stem from learning

153
Q

Incentive Theory

A

People behave a certain way due to environmental stimulus; tangible or intangible reward is the most common incentive

154
Q

What are Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?

A

This postulates that certain needs will yield greater influence on our motivation; he classified needs into five groups and assigned different levels of priority to each group

155
Q

What is the most basic level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

Physiological Needs: breathing, food, water, sex, sleep, homeostasis, excretion

156
Q

What is the second level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

Safety: security of body, employment, resources, morality, family, health and property

157
Q

What is the third level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

Love/Belonging: friendship, family and sexual intimacy

158
Q

What is the fourth level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

Esteem: self-esteem, confidence, achievement, respect of others, respect by others

159
Q

What is the fifth level of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

Self-Actualization: Morality, Creativity, Spontaneity, Problem-Solving, Lack of prejudice, Acceptance of facts

160
Q

What happens if one of the lower needs are not met?

A

That need will be considered the highest priority

161
Q

Self-Determination Theory

A

Emphasizes the role of three universal needs:

  1. Autonomy - need to be in control of one’s actions and ideas
  2. Competence - need to complete and excel at difficult tasks
  3. Relatedness - need to feel accepted and wanted in relationships
162
Q

What biological motivators regulate behavior?

A

Eating/Hunger, Sex Drive, Drug & Alcohol Use

163
Q

Which sociocultural motivators regulate behavior?

A

Eating, Sexual, Drug & Alcohol Use

164
Q

How does eating affect behavior?

A

The brain, digestive system and hormones are all involved in regulating hunger motivation; it is regulated by time, desire, appeal, occasions and availability

165
Q

How does sex affect behavior?

A

Hormonal regulation of sexual motivation includes testosterone, estrogen, progesterone, oxytocin and vasopressin; regulated by time, desire, appeal, occasions and availability

166
Q

How does drug and alcohol use affect behavior?

A

Influenced by genetics, withdrawal and biochemical reactions, influenced by curiosity, emotional control, stress and level of self-esteem

167
Q

What is attitude?

A

A way of evaluating others, issues, events, objects etc.

168
Q

What are the components of attitude?

A

Affective Component
Behavioral Component
Cognitive Component

169
Q

What is the affective component?

A

Feelings toward a certain object, issue, person etc.

“Being scared of spiders”

170
Q

What is the behavioral component?

A

One’s behavior is influenced by attitude

“Running away from spiders”

171
Q

What is the cognitive component?

A

One’s thoughts, theories and beliefs about certain subject

“One believes that spiders are dangerous

172
Q

What are some links between attitudes and behavior?

A

Foot-in-the-Door Phenomenon

Role-Playing Effects

173
Q

Foot-in-the-Door Technique

A

This refers to convincing individuals to make a small commitment towards a cause because the small commitment increases the likelihood of a large commitment toward the same cause; it is a compliance technique

174
Q

Foot-in-the-Door Effect

A

Small agreements form a bond between the person that asked for the request and the person that is being asked which means that when the person asks for another request, the person feels obliged to act consistently with their previous decision

175
Q

Role-Playing Effect

A

This shows that people internalize roles by altering their attitudes which become suitable roles; a prison study

176
Q

Cognitive Dissonance Theory

A

People change their attitudes when there is an inconsistency in their cognition (thoughts and beliefs);

It states that when individuals attitudes are incongruent with their behavior they change that attitude or behavior to eliminate cognitive dissonance

177
Q

What does dissonance depend on?

A

The importance of certain beliefs/ideas to us, level of conflict between dissonant thoughts, ability to rationalize

178
Q

How is cognitive dissonance reduced?

A

Stabilize the dissonant belief/behavior by focusing on more supportive beliefs
[Change Belief]

Reducing conflicting beliefs level of importance
[Change Action]

Justify one’s behavior or beliefs by adding new cognition
[Change Action Perception]

MCAT (31 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions