3B: Structure and integrative functions of the main organ systems Flashcards
Respiratory Pathway
Nares -> Nasal Cavity -> Pharynx -> Larynx -> Trachea -> Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Alveoli
Pharnyx
Warms and humidifies the air
Vibrissae (Nasal Hairs)
Filters air
Alveoli
Small sacs that interface with the pulmonary capillaries, allowing gases to diffuse across a one-cell-thick membrane
Alveoli
Small sacs that interface with the pulmonary capillaries, allowing gases to diffuse across a one-cell-thick membrane
Surfactant
Reduces surface tension at the liquid-gas interface which prevents collapse
Types of Pleurae
Visceral Pleura
Parietal Pleura
Visceral Pleura
Lies adjacent to the lung itself
Parietal Pleura
Lines the chest wall
Intrapleural Space
Lies between these two layers and contains a thin layer of fluid, which lubricates the two pleural spaces
Diaphragm
Thin skeletal muscle that helps create pressure differential required for breathing
External Intercostal Muscles + Diaphragm
Expands the thoracic cavity, increasing the volume of the intrapleural space - decreasing intrapleural pressure
External Intercostal Muscles + Diaphragm
Expands the thoracic cavity, increasing the volume of the intrapleural space; decreasing intrapleural pressure
Negative-Pressure Breathing
Pressure differential ultimately expands the lungs, dropping their pressure and drawing in air from the environment
Passive Exhalation
Relaxation of the muscles of inspiration and elastic recoil of the lungs allowing the chest cavity to decrease in volume, reversing the pressure differentials seen inhalation
Active Exhalation
The internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles can be used to forcibly decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity, pushing out air
Spirometer
Used to measure lung capacities and volumes
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
Maximum volume of air in the lungs when one inhales completely
Total Lung Capacity (TLC)
Maximum volume of air in the lungs when one inhales completely
Residual Volume (RV)
Minimum volume of air in the lungs when one exhales completely
Vital Capacity (VC)
Difference between the minimum and maximum volume of air in the lungs
Tidal Volume (TV)
Volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal exhalation
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal exhalation
Ventilation Center
A collection of neurons in the medulla oblongata that regulate ventilation
Hypercapnia/Hypercarbia
High concentrations of CO2 in blood detected by chemoreceptors
Hypoxia
Low concentrations of O2 in the blood detected by chemoreceptors
Control of Ventilation
Cerebrum, Medulla Oblongata (overrides cerebrum during periods of hypo or hyperventilation)
Pulmonary Arteries
Brings deoxygenated blood with high CO2 concentration to the lungs
Pulmonary Veins
Takes oxygenated blood with low CO2 concentration away from the longs
Pulmonary Veins
Takes oxygenated blood with low CO2 concentration away from the longs
Respiratory Effects in Thermoregulation
Assists with vasodilation and vasoconstriction of the capillary beds
Respiratory protection from pathogens
Vibrissae
Mucous Membranes (covered with IgA)
Mucociliary Escalator
Help filter in the incoming air and trap particulate matter
Lysozyme
In the nasal cavity and saliva attacks PTG cell walls of gram-positive bacteria
Macrophages
Engulf and digest pathogens and signal to the rest of the immune system that there is an invader
Mast Cells
Have antibodies on their surface that can promote the release of inflammatory chemicals; often involved in allergic reactions
Decrease in Blood pH
Respiration rate increases to compensate by blowing off carbon dioxide; shifts left in the buffer equation to reduce hydrogen ion concentration
Increase in Blood pH
Respiration rate decreases to compensate by trapping carbon dioxide; shifts right in the buffer equation to increase hydrogen ion concentration
Increase in Blood pH
Respiration rate decreases to compensate by trapping carbon dioxide; shifts right in the buffer equation to increase hydrogen ion concentration
Carbonic Anhydrase
Catalyzes interconversion of CO2 and H2O to Bicarbonate and protons
Carbonic Anhydrase
Catalyzes interconversion of CO2 and H2O to Bicarbonate and protons
Henry’s Law
Says that when a gas is in contact with the surface of a liquid that amount of the gas will go into the solution is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas
Function of Circulatory System
Circulate oxygen, nutrients, hormones, ions and fluids and remove metabolic waste
Circulatory role in Thermoregulation
Conserves heat by constricting blood flow from the skin
Gets rid of heat by dilating so more blood flows to the skin
Chambers of the heart
Right and Left Atria
Right and Left Ventricle
Which side carries deoxygenated blood?
Right
Which side carries oxygenated blood?
Left
What are the two circulations?
Pulmonary (heart to lungs)
Systemic (heart to rest of the body)
What are the two circulations?
Pulmonary (heart to lungs)
Systemic (heart to rest of the body)
What separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?
Mitral/Bicuspid Valve
What separates the right atrium from the right ventricles?
Tricuspid Valve
What separates the right atrium from the right ventricles?
Tricuspid Valve
What separates the left ventricle from the vasculature?
Aortic Valve
What separates the right ventricle from the vasculature?
Pulmonary Valve
Atrioventricular Valves
Tricuspid
Bicuspid/Mitral
Semilunar Valves
Aortic
Pulmonary
Pathway of Blood Through the Heart
RA -> RV -> Pulmonary Artery -> Lungs -> Pulmonary Veins > LA -> LV -> Aorta -> Arteries -> Arterioles -> Capillaries -> Venules -> Veins -> Venae Cavae -> Ra
Pathway of Blood Through the Heart
RA -> RV -> Pulmonary Artery -> Lungs -> Pulmonary Veins > LA -> LV -> Aorta -> Arteries -> Arterioles -> Capillaries -> Venules -> Veins -> Venae Cavae -> RA
Pathway of Blood Through the Heart
RA -> RV -> Pulmonary Artery -> Lungs -> Pulmonary Veins > LA -> LV -> Aorta -> Arteries -> Arterioles -> Capillaries -> Venules -> Veins -> Venae Cavae -> RA
Why is the left side of the heart more muscular than the right?
It is because the systemic circulation has a much higher resistance and pressure
Why is the left side of the heart more muscular than the right?
It is because the systemic circulation has a much higher resistance and pressure
Endothelial Cells
Line the interior surface of blood vessels and are in direct contact with blood; function to provide barriers, form new blood vessels and control blood pressure through vasoconstriction and vasodilation
Endothelial Cells
Line the interior surface of blood vessels and are in direct contact with blood; function to provide barriers, form new blood vessels and control blood pressure through vasoconstriction and vasodilation
Systolic Pressure
BP when blood is being pumped and the left ventricles are contracting (highest)
Diastolic Pressure
BP when blood is not being pumped, ventricles are relaxing and blood is filling (lowest)
Diastolic Pressure
BP when blood is not being pumped, ventricles are relaxing and blood is filling (lowest)
Pulmonary Circuit
Heart -> Lungs -> Heart
Shorter than systemic circulations and thus has less resistance and less BP
Involves in vasoconstriction
Systemic Circuit
Heart -> Body -> Heart
Much larger and has higher resistance and higher BP
Involves vasodilation
Systemic Circuit
Heart -> Body -> Heart
Much larger and has higher resistance and higher BP
Involves vasodilation
Arteries
Thick, muscular with elastic qualities; allows for recoil and help to propel blood forward within the system
Arterioles
Smaller muscular arteries that control blood blow into the capillary beds; active in vasoconstriction and allow body to control which tissues receive more blood
Capillary Beds
Site of O2 and CO2 exchange
Site of Nutrient and Waste exchange
Types of Capillaries
Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoidal
Continuous Capillaries
No pores in endothelial cells, found in skin and muscles; sealing of clefts by tight junctions
Fenestrated Capillaries
Small pores for molecules not big enough for blood cells to go through; found in small intestine, endocrine organs and kidney
Sinusoidal Capillaries
Large pores for blood cells to go through; found in lymphoid tissue, liver, spleen and bone marrow
Mechanisms of Heat Exchange
Radiation, Conduction, Evaporative Cooling
Veins
Inelastic, thin-walled structures that transport blood to the heart; able to stretch to accommodate large volumes of blood but do not have recoil ability; compressed by surrounding skeletal muscles
Veins
Inelastic, thin-walled structures that transport blood to the heart; able to stretch to accommodate large volumes of blood but do not have recoil ability; compressed by surrounding skeletal muscles; have valves to maintain one-way flow
Venules
Small veins
Venules
Small veins
Hepatic Portal System
Blood travels from the gut capillary beds to the liver capillary bed via hepatic portal vein
Hepatic Portal System
Blood travels from the gut capillary beds to the liver capillary bed via hepatic portal vein
Hypophyseal Portal System
Blood travels from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
Renal Portal System
Blood travels from the glomerulus to the vasa recta through an efferent arteriole
Renal Portal System
Blood travels from the glomerulus to the vasa recta through an efferent arteriole
Composition of Blood
Plasma, RBCs, WBCs, Platelets
Plasma
Water, Ions, Plasma Proteins, Electrolytes, Gases, Nutrients, Wastes, Hormones
RBCs
Lack mitochondria, nuclei and organelles in order to make room for hemoglobin
WBCs
Formed in the bone marrow, consists of granular leukocytes and agranular leukocytes
Granular Leukocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Agranular Leukocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Thrombocytes
Cell fragments of megakaryocytes required for coagulation
RBCs
Lack mitochondria, nuclei and organelles in order to make room for hemoglobin; formed in bone marrow
Thrombocytes
Cell fragments of megakaryocytes required for coagulation
Heme Breakdown
Heme -> Bilirubin -> Bile -> Feces
Coagulation Path
Prothrombin -> Thrombin -» Fibrinogen -> Fibrin
Coagulation Breakdown
Plasminogen -> Plasmin
Coagulation Path
Prothrombin -> Thrombin -» Fibrinogen -> Fibrin
Liver produces clotting factors
Coagulation Breakdown
Plasminogen -> Plasmin
What mechanism does feedback follow?
Positive feedback -> clotting leads to more clotting
Universal Donor
O, no A or B antigen
Universal Receiver
AB, no antibody for A or B
How is oxygen transported in the blood?
It is attached to the iron of the heme group in hemoglobin
How many subunits does hemoglobin contain?
4 subunits w/ 4 iron atoms thus 4 O2 units at a time
Hematocrit
% volume of blood that is red blood cells
Oxygen Affinity
More oxygen binding to one subunit relaxes the confomration of the other subunits and increases the ability of oxygen to bind
Oxygen Affinity
More oxygen binding to one subunit relaxes the conformation of the other subunits and increases the ability of oxygen to bind
Oxygen Affinity
More oxygen binding to one subunit relaxes the conformation of the other subunits and increases the ability of oxygen to bind
What decreases oxygen affinity?
High temperature, low pH, high CO2 levels
What decreases oxygen affinity?
High temperature, low pH, high CO2 levels
How is CO2 transported in the blood?
Dissolved into RBCs forming carbaminohemoglobin where it is acted on by carbonic anhydrase
How is CO2 transported in the blood?
Dissolved into RBCs forming carbaminohemoglobin where it is acted on by carbonic anhydrase
How is plasma volume regulated?
Vasopressin/ADH, RAAS
