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MCAT > 3B: Structure and integrative functions of the main organ systems > Flashcards

3B: Structure and integrative functions of the main organ systems Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Respiratory Pathway

A

Nares -> Nasal Cavity -> Pharynx -> Larynx -> Trachea -> Bronchi -> Bronchioles -> Alveoli

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2
Q

Pharnyx

A

Warms and humidifies the air

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3
Q

Vibrissae (Nasal Hairs)

A

Filters air

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4
Q

Alveoli

A

Small sacs that interface with the pulmonary capillaries, allowing gases to diffuse across a one-cell-thick membrane

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5
Q

Alveoli

A

Small sacs that interface with the pulmonary capillaries, allowing gases to diffuse across a one-cell-thick membrane

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6
Q

Surfactant

A

Reduces surface tension at the liquid-gas interface which prevents collapse

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7
Q

Types of Pleurae

A

Visceral Pleura

Parietal Pleura

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8
Q

Visceral Pleura

A

Lies adjacent to the lung itself

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9
Q

Parietal Pleura

A

Lines the chest wall

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10
Q

Intrapleural Space

A

Lies between these two layers and contains a thin layer of fluid, which lubricates the two pleural spaces

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11
Q

Diaphragm

A

Thin skeletal muscle that helps create pressure differential required for breathing

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12
Q

External Intercostal Muscles + Diaphragm

A

Expands the thoracic cavity, increasing the volume of the intrapleural space - decreasing intrapleural pressure

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13
Q

External Intercostal Muscles + Diaphragm

A

Expands the thoracic cavity, increasing the volume of the intrapleural space; decreasing intrapleural pressure

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14
Q

Negative-Pressure Breathing

A

Pressure differential ultimately expands the lungs, dropping their pressure and drawing in air from the environment

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15
Q

Passive Exhalation

A

Relaxation of the muscles of inspiration and elastic recoil of the lungs allowing the chest cavity to decrease in volume, reversing the pressure differentials seen inhalation

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16
Q

Active Exhalation

A

The internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles can be used to forcibly decrease the volume of the thoracic cavity, pushing out air

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17
Q

Spirometer

A

Used to measure lung capacities and volumes

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18
Q

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

A

Maximum volume of air in the lungs when one inhales completely

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19
Q

Total Lung Capacity (TLC)

A

Maximum volume of air in the lungs when one inhales completely

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20
Q

Residual Volume (RV)

A

Minimum volume of air in the lungs when one exhales completely

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21
Q

Vital Capacity (VC)

A

Difference between the minimum and maximum volume of air in the lungs

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22
Q

Tidal Volume (TV)

A

Volume of air inhaled or exhaled in a normal breath

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23
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

A

Volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation

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24
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

A

Volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal exhalation

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25
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

A

Volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal exhalation

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26
Q

Ventilation Center

A

A collection of neurons in the medulla oblongata that regulate ventilation

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27
Q

Hypercapnia/Hypercarbia

A

High concentrations of CO2 in blood detected by chemoreceptors

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28
Q

Hypoxia

A

Low concentrations of O2 in the blood detected by chemoreceptors

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29
Q

Control of Ventilation

A

Cerebrum, Medulla Oblongata (overrides cerebrum during periods of hypo or hyperventilation)

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30
Q

Pulmonary Arteries

A

Brings deoxygenated blood with high CO2 concentration to the lungs

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31
Q

Pulmonary Veins

A

Takes oxygenated blood with low CO2 concentration away from the longs

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32
Q

Pulmonary Veins

A

Takes oxygenated blood with low CO2 concentration away from the longs

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33
Q

Respiratory Effects in Thermoregulation

A

Assists with vasodilation and vasoconstriction of the capillary beds

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34
Q

Respiratory protection from pathogens

A

Vibrissae
Mucous Membranes (covered with IgA)
Mucociliary Escalator

Help filter in the incoming air and trap particulate matter

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35
Q

Lysozyme

A

In the nasal cavity and saliva attacks PTG cell walls of gram-positive bacteria

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36
Q

Macrophages

A

Engulf and digest pathogens and signal to the rest of the immune system that there is an invader

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37
Q

Mast Cells

A

Have antibodies on their surface that can promote the release of inflammatory chemicals; often involved in allergic reactions

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38
Q

Decrease in Blood pH

A

Respiration rate increases to compensate by blowing off carbon dioxide; shifts left in the buffer equation to reduce hydrogen ion concentration

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39
Q

Increase in Blood pH

A

Respiration rate decreases to compensate by trapping carbon dioxide; shifts right in the buffer equation to increase hydrogen ion concentration

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40
Q

Increase in Blood pH

A

Respiration rate decreases to compensate by trapping carbon dioxide; shifts right in the buffer equation to increase hydrogen ion concentration

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41
Q

Carbonic Anhydrase

A

Catalyzes interconversion of CO2 and H2O to Bicarbonate and protons

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42
Q

Carbonic Anhydrase

A

Catalyzes interconversion of CO2 and H2O to Bicarbonate and protons

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43
Q

Henry’s Law

A

Says that when a gas is in contact with the surface of a liquid that amount of the gas will go into the solution is proportional to the partial pressure of that gas

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44
Q

Function of Circulatory System

A

Circulate oxygen, nutrients, hormones, ions and fluids and remove metabolic waste

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45
Q

Circulatory role in Thermoregulation

A

Conserves heat by constricting blood flow from the skin

Gets rid of heat by dilating so more blood flows to the skin

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46
Q

Chambers of the heart

A

Right and Left Atria

Right and Left Ventricle

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47
Q

Which side carries deoxygenated blood?

A

Right

48
Q

Which side carries oxygenated blood?

A

Left

49
Q

What are the two circulations?

A

Pulmonary (heart to lungs)

Systemic (heart to rest of the body)

50
Q

What are the two circulations?

A

Pulmonary (heart to lungs)

Systemic (heart to rest of the body)

51
Q

What separates the left atrium from the left ventricle?

A

Mitral/Bicuspid Valve

52
Q

What separates the right atrium from the right ventricles?

A

Tricuspid Valve

53
Q

What separates the right atrium from the right ventricles?

A

Tricuspid Valve

54
Q

What separates the left ventricle from the vasculature?

A

Aortic Valve

55
Q

What separates the right ventricle from the vasculature?

A

Pulmonary Valve

56
Q

Atrioventricular Valves

A

Tricuspid

Bicuspid/Mitral

57
Q

Semilunar Valves

A

Aortic

Pulmonary

58
Q

Pathway of Blood Through the Heart

A

RA -> RV -> Pulmonary Artery -> Lungs -> Pulmonary Veins > LA -> LV -> Aorta -> Arteries -> Arterioles -> Capillaries -> Venules -> Veins -> Venae Cavae -> Ra

59
Q

Pathway of Blood Through the Heart

A

RA -> RV -> Pulmonary Artery -> Lungs -> Pulmonary Veins > LA -> LV -> Aorta -> Arteries -> Arterioles -> Capillaries -> Venules -> Veins -> Venae Cavae -> RA

60
Q

Pathway of Blood Through the Heart

A

RA -> RV -> Pulmonary Artery -> Lungs -> Pulmonary Veins > LA -> LV -> Aorta -> Arteries -> Arterioles -> Capillaries -> Venules -> Veins -> Venae Cavae -> RA

61
Q

Why is the left side of the heart more muscular than the right?

A

It is because the systemic circulation has a much higher resistance and pressure

62
Q

Why is the left side of the heart more muscular than the right?

A

It is because the systemic circulation has a much higher resistance and pressure

63
Q

Endothelial Cells

A

Line the interior surface of blood vessels and are in direct contact with blood; function to provide barriers, form new blood vessels and control blood pressure through vasoconstriction and vasodilation

64
Q

Endothelial Cells

A

Line the interior surface of blood vessels and are in direct contact with blood; function to provide barriers, form new blood vessels and control blood pressure through vasoconstriction and vasodilation

65
Q

Systolic Pressure

A

BP when blood is being pumped and the left ventricles are contracting (highest)

66
Q

Diastolic Pressure

A

BP when blood is not being pumped, ventricles are relaxing and blood is filling (lowest)

67
Q

Diastolic Pressure

A

BP when blood is not being pumped, ventricles are relaxing and blood is filling (lowest)

68
Q

Pulmonary Circuit

A

Heart -> Lungs -> Heart
Shorter than systemic circulations and thus has less resistance and less BP
Involves in vasoconstriction

69
Q

Systemic Circuit

A

Heart -> Body -> Heart
Much larger and has higher resistance and higher BP
Involves vasodilation

70
Q

Systemic Circuit

A

Heart -> Body -> Heart
Much larger and has higher resistance and higher BP
Involves vasodilation

71
Q

Arteries

A

Thick, muscular with elastic qualities; allows for recoil and help to propel blood forward within the system

72
Q

Arterioles

A

Smaller muscular arteries that control blood blow into the capillary beds; active in vasoconstriction and allow body to control which tissues receive more blood

73
Q

Capillary Beds

A

Site of O2 and CO2 exchange

Site of Nutrient and Waste exchange

74
Q

Types of Capillaries

A

Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoidal

75
Q

Continuous Capillaries

A

No pores in endothelial cells, found in skin and muscles; sealing of clefts by tight junctions

76
Q

Fenestrated Capillaries

A

Small pores for molecules not big enough for blood cells to go through; found in small intestine, endocrine organs and kidney

77
Q

Sinusoidal Capillaries

A

Large pores for blood cells to go through; found in lymphoid tissue, liver, spleen and bone marrow

78
Q

Mechanisms of Heat Exchange

A

Radiation, Conduction, Evaporative Cooling

79
Q

Veins

A

Inelastic, thin-walled structures that transport blood to the heart; able to stretch to accommodate large volumes of blood but do not have recoil ability; compressed by surrounding skeletal muscles

80
Q

Veins

A

Inelastic, thin-walled structures that transport blood to the heart; able to stretch to accommodate large volumes of blood but do not have recoil ability; compressed by surrounding skeletal muscles; have valves to maintain one-way flow

81
Q

Venules

A

Small veins

82
Q

Venules

A

Small veins

83
Q

Hepatic Portal System

A

Blood travels from the gut capillary beds to the liver capillary bed via hepatic portal vein

84
Q

Hepatic Portal System

A

Blood travels from the gut capillary beds to the liver capillary bed via hepatic portal vein

85
Q

Hypophyseal Portal System

A

Blood travels from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary

86
Q

Renal Portal System

A

Blood travels from the glomerulus to the vasa recta through an efferent arteriole

87
Q

Renal Portal System

A

Blood travels from the glomerulus to the vasa recta through an efferent arteriole

88
Q

Composition of Blood

A

Plasma, RBCs, WBCs, Platelets

89
Q

Plasma

A

Water, Ions, Plasma Proteins, Electrolytes, Gases, Nutrients, Wastes, Hormones

90
Q

RBCs

A

Lack mitochondria, nuclei and organelles in order to make room for hemoglobin

91
Q

WBCs

A

Formed in the bone marrow, consists of granular leukocytes and agranular leukocytes

92
Q

Granular Leukocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

93
Q

Agranular Leukocytes

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

94
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Cell fragments of megakaryocytes required for coagulation

95
Q

RBCs

A

Lack mitochondria, nuclei and organelles in order to make room for hemoglobin; formed in bone marrow

96
Q

Thrombocytes

A

Cell fragments of megakaryocytes required for coagulation

97
Q

Heme Breakdown

A

Heme -> Bilirubin -> Bile -> Feces

98
Q

Coagulation Path

A

Prothrombin -> Thrombin -» Fibrinogen -> Fibrin

99
Q

Coagulation Breakdown

A

Plasminogen -> Plasmin

100
Q

Coagulation Path

A

Prothrombin -> Thrombin -» Fibrinogen -> Fibrin

Liver produces clotting factors

101
Q

Coagulation Breakdown

A

Plasminogen -> Plasmin

102
Q

What mechanism does feedback follow?

A

Positive feedback -> clotting leads to more clotting

103
Q

Universal Donor

A

O, no A or B antigen

104
Q

Universal Receiver

A

AB, no antibody for A or B

105
Q

How is oxygen transported in the blood?

A

It is attached to the iron of the heme group in hemoglobin

106
Q

How many subunits does hemoglobin contain?

A

4 subunits w/ 4 iron atoms thus 4 O2 units at a time

107
Q

Hematocrit

A

% volume of blood that is red blood cells

108
Q

Oxygen Affinity

A

More oxygen binding to one subunit relaxes the confomration of the other subunits and increases the ability of oxygen to bind

109
Q

Oxygen Affinity

A

More oxygen binding to one subunit relaxes the conformation of the other subunits and increases the ability of oxygen to bind

110
Q

Oxygen Affinity

A

More oxygen binding to one subunit relaxes the conformation of the other subunits and increases the ability of oxygen to bind

111
Q

What decreases oxygen affinity?

A

High temperature, low pH, high CO2 levels

112
Q

What decreases oxygen affinity?

A

High temperature, low pH, high CO2 levels

113
Q

How is CO2 transported in the blood?

A

Dissolved into RBCs forming carbaminohemoglobin where it is acted on by carbonic anhydrase

114
Q

How is CO2 transported in the blood?

A

Dissolved into RBCs forming carbaminohemoglobin where it is acted on by carbonic anhydrase

115
Q

How is plasma volume regulated?

A

Vasopressin/ADH, RAAS

MCAT (31 decks)

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