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MCAT > 2A (Organelles & Cytoskeleton) > Flashcards

2A (Organelles & Cytoskeleton) Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Eukaryote

A

Have a true membrane bound nucleus, contains membrane bound organelles and undergo mitotic as well as meiotic division

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2
Q

Eukaryote

A

Have a true membrane bound nucleus, contains membrane bound organelles and undergo mitotic as well as meiotic division

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3
Q

Nucleus

A

Contain and protect DNA, Site of DNA replication and transcription, contains the nucleolus which is the site of ribosome assembly; consists of heterochromatin and euchromatin

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4
Q

Nuclear Heterochromatin

A

Sequestered to the periphery

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5
Q

Nuclear Euchromatin

A

Dispersed throughout the nucleus

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6
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

Separates genetic content into a distinct compartment of the cell, isolating it from other organelles and cytoplasm

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7
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

Allow certain molecules to migrate into and out of the nucleus

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8
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

Allow certain molecules to migrate into and out of the nucleus

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9
Q

Storage of Genetic Information

A

dsDNA, in chromosomes, telomeres that help special DNA Pol that maintain the end of linear chromosomes

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10
Q

Nuclear Pores

A

Allow certain molecules to migrate into and out of the nucleus; large proteins cannot pass through and are excluded from the nuclear interior

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11
Q

Storage of Genetic Information

A

dsDNA, in chromosomes, telomeres that help special DNA Pol that maintain the end of linear chromosomes

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12
Q

Mitochondria

A

Site of OXPHOS, consists of a matrix, inner and outer membrane

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13
Q

Mitochondrial Matrix

A

Interior of the mitochondria that contains PDH and CAC enzymes

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14
Q

Inner Mitochondrial Membrane

A

Location of the Electron Transport Chain and ATP Synthase

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15
Q

Cristae

A

Inner folds of the mitochondrial membrane that increase the surface area available for ETC

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16
Q

Outer Mitochondrial Membrane

A

Contains large pores that allow free passage of small molecules

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17
Q

Intermembrane Space

A

The space between the membranes

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18
Q

Mitochondrial Genome

A

Contains its own genome that is much smaller than the regular cellular genomes; single circular DNA molecule, replicates through binary fission

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19
Q

Mitochondrial Genome

A

Contains its own genome that is much smaller than the regular cellular genomes; single circular DNA molecule, replicates through binary fission; inherited from the mother (ovum contains organelles)

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20
Q

Mitochondrial Genome

A

Contains its own genome that is much smaller than the regular cellular genomes; single circular DNA molecule, replicates through binary fission; inherited from the mother (ovum contains organelles)

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21
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane bound organelles that are responsible for degradation; utilizes hydrolytic enzymes

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22
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane-bound organelles that utilize hydrolytic enzymes to break down biomolecules and cellular debris; optimally active at an acidic pH

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23
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane-bound organelles that utilize hydrolytic enzymes to break down biomolecules and cellular debris; optimally active at an acidic pH (pH = 5)

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24
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane-bound organelles that utilize hydrolytic enzymes to break down biomolecules and cellular debris; optimally active at an acidic pH (pH = 5)

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25
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

An interconnected network of flattened, membrane-enclosed sacs known as cisternae;

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26
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Contains a large number of ribosomes on the surface and are the site of protein synthesis, folding, modification and export

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27
Q

RER Ribosomes

A

Attach to the cytosolic side of the rough ER and synthesize protein into the lumen

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28
Q

RER Role in Biosynthesis

A

It secretes transmembrane proteins that have a signal sequence designating their need for secretion that recruits a signal recognition particle (RER); SRP is cleaved off in the lumen of the RER

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29
Q

RER Role in Biosynthesis

[Transmembrane Proteins]

A

It secretes transmembrane proteins that have a signal sequence designating their need for secretion that recruits a signal recognition particle (RER); SRP is cleaved off in the lumen of the RER

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30
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Lacks ribosomes and contains enzymes that are involved in biosynthesis of lipids, steroids and metabolism of carbohydrates and drugs

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31
Q

SER Role in Biosynthesis

[Lipids]

A

Synthesizes lipids, phospholipids and steroids

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32
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

Stores and pumps calcium ions, releases when the muscle cell is stimulated; plays roles in excitation-contraction coupling

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33
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

Stores and pumps calcium ions, releases when the muscle cell is stimulated; plays roles in excitation-contraction coupling

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34
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Packages proteins into membrane-bound vesicles inside the cell before the vesicles are sent to their destination; processes proteins for secretion and contains glycosylation enzymes

Cis Face receives transport vesicles from the ER
Trans Face sends secretory vesicles to the surface

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35
Q

Glycosylation

A

Affects protein structure, function and protects it from degradation

36
Q

Glycosylation

A

Affects protein structure, function and protects it from degradation

37
Q

Peroxisomes

[Microbodies]

A

Involves in the catabolism of very long chain fatty acids (beta oxidation), amino acids, reduction of ROS [H2O2]; isoprenoid and cholesterol synthesis

38
Q

Peroxisomes

[Microbodies]

A

Involves in the catabolism of very long chain fatty acids (beta oxidation), amino acids, reduction of ROS [H2O2]; isoprenoid and cholesterol synthesis

39
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

An intracellular matrix that supports cell shape and gives mechanical resistance;
Provides structural support;
Allows for the movement of cells and its appendages;
Transports substances within the cell

40
Q

Cytoskeleton Components

A

Microtubules [Thick]
Intermediate Filaments
Microfilaments [Thin]

41
Q

Microfilament Protein

A

Actin

42
Q

Microfilament Characteristics

A

Flexible, Strong and Resist Buckling

43
Q

Microfilament Function

A

Cytokinesis, Amoeboid Movement and Cell Shape Change

44
Q

Microfilament Function

A

Cytokinesis, Amoeboid Movement and Cell Shape Change

45
Q

Microtubule Protein

A

Tubulin

46
Q

Microtubule Characteristics

A

Hollow rods of alpha and beta tubulin

47
Q

Microtubule Function

A

Mediates transport of substances within the cell; movement of secretory vesicles, organelles and intracellular macromolecular assemblies (using dynein and kinesin)

48
Q

Microfilament Characteristics

A

Flexible, Strong and Resist Buckling; bears compression

49
Q

Microtubule Characteristics

A

Hollow rods of alpha and beta tubulin; bears compression

50
Q

Microtubule Function

A

Mediates transport of substances within the cell; movement of secretory vesicles, organelles and intracellular macromolecular assemblies (using dynein and kinesin)

51
Q

Microtubule Structure

A

Mitotic Spindle, Cilia/Flagella

52
Q

Microtubule Structure

A

Mitotic Spindle, Cilia/Flagella

53
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

Play a role in support, bearing tension - resisting mechanical stress

54
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

Play a role in support, bearing tension - resisting mechanical stress

55
Q

Centrioles

A

Composed of tubulin; microtubules radiate out of the centrioles;

56
Q

Microtubule Organizing Center

A

Organizes flagella and cilia as well as the mitotic and meiotic spindle apparatus; known as basal bodies and centrosomes

57
Q

Epithelial Cells [Shape]

A

Squamous, Cuboidal, Columnar

58
Q

Epithelial Cells [Type]

A

Simple, Stratified, Pseudostratified

59
Q

Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

Endothelium, Capillaries, Alveolar

60
Q

Simple Cuboidal

A

Gland ducts, Kidney tubules

61
Q

Simple Columnar

A

Stomach and Gut

62
Q

Stratified Squamous

A

Skin

63
Q

Simple Epithelium Characteristics

A

Single cell layer, good for absorption, secretion, filtration and diffusion

64
Q

Stratified Epithelium Characteristics

A

Two or More Cell layers, good for protection against abrasion

65
Q

Stratified Epithelium Characteristics

A

Two or More Cell layers, good for protection against abrasion

66
Q

Endothelial Cells

A

Line the inside of organs and blood vessels; thin, single layer cells facilitated diffusion

67
Q

Endothelial Cells

A

Line the inside of organs and blood vessels; thin, single layer cells facilitated diffusion

68
Q

Connective Tissue Structure

A

Consists of cells and extracellular matrix

69
Q

Ground Substance

A

Glue that holds the matrix together

70
Q

Connective Tissue Fibers

A

Mostly collagen that gives the matrix strength

71
Q

Connective Tissue Fibers

A

Mostly collagen that gives the matrix strength

72
Q

Connective Tissue Types

A

Bone, Fat, Tendons, Ligaments, Cartilage and Blood

73
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Make Bone

74
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Make connective tissue proper (fats, tendons, ligaments)

75
Q

Chondroblasts

A

Make Cartilage

76
Q

Hematopoietic Stem Cells

A

Make Blood

77
Q

-blast

A

Stem cell that actively produces something

78
Q

-cyte

A

Mature cell that does ‘housekeeping’

79
Q

-cyte

A

Mature cell that does ‘housekeeping’

80
Q

Types of Fibers

A

Collagen, Elastic and Reticular

81
Q

Collagen Fibers

A

Strong and present in dense connective tissue

82
Q

Elastic Fiber

A

Stretchable

83
Q

Reticular Fibers

A

Branching, forms nets

84
Q

Reticular Fibers

A

Branching, forms nets

85
Q

Loose Connective Tissue

A

loose fibers with lots of ground substance

86
Q

Dense Connective Tissue

A

dense fibers with little ground substance, genuinely fibrous; tendon and ligaments

MCAT (31 decks)

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