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MCAT > 7A: Psychological Disorders > Flashcards

7A: Psychological Disorders Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

What are psychological disorders?

A

Characteristic sets of thoughts, feelings or actions that cause noticeable distress to the sufferer, cause maladaptive functioning in society or are considered deviant by the individual’s culture

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2
Q

What is the Biomedical Approach?

A

It believes that illnesses are due to abnormal somatic processes; it believes that there is a single-factor cause that leads to biological malfunction; considers the mind and body are separate entities

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3
Q

What is the Biopsychosocial Approach?

A

It believes that illnesses are deviations from steady state; that there are biological, psychological and social components to an individual’s disorder; multiple-factors cause that leads to multiple effects; considers mind and body to be inseparable

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4
Q

How are Psychological Disorders classified?

A

By the ICD-10 or DSM-5

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5
Q

Schizophrenia

A

A psychotic disorder that causes delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thoughts, disorganized behavior, catatonia and negative symptoms (absence of normal/desired behavior)

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6
Q

What are delusions?

A

False beliefs discordant with reality and not shared by others

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7
Q

Types of delusions

A
  1. Reference
  2. Persecution
  3. Grandeur
  4. Thought Broadcasting/Insertion
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8
Q

What are hallucinations?

A

Perceptions that are not due to external stimuli but have a compelling sense of reality

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9
Q

What is catatonia?

A

Certain motor behaviors characteristic of schizophrenics

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10
Q

What is echolalia?

A

Repeating another’s words

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11
Q

What is echopraxia?

A

Imitating another’s actions

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12
Q

What is disturbance of affect?

A

It can lead to severe reduction in the intensity of affect expression, no signs of emotional expression or discordant with content of the individuals speech

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13
Q

What is the prodromal phase?

A

Characterized by poor adjustment, social withdrawal, role functioning impairment, peculiar behavior, inappropriate affect and unusual experiences

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14
Q

What characterizes Major Depressive Disorder?

A 
Sleep Issues
Lack of Interest (Anhedonia)
Guilt
Energy
Lack of Concentration
Appetite disturbances
Psychomotor Symptoms
Suicidal Thoughts
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15
Q

What characterizes Persistent Depressive Disorder?

A

It’s considered a depressed mood that isn’t severe enough to meet the criteria of a major depressive episode

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16
Q

What characterizes Seasonal Affect Disorder?

A

Seasonal onset of major depressive disorder; normally present in the winter months; related to abnormal melatonin metabolism

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17
Q

What characterizes Bipolar Disorders

A

Increased distractibility, insomnia, grandiosity, flight of ideas, agitation, talkativeness and thoughtlessness

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18
Q

What characterizes Bipolar I Disorder?

A

Manic episodes with or without major depressive episodes

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19
Q

What characterizes Bipolar II Disorder?

A

Hypomania with at least one major depressive episode

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20
Q

What characterizes Cyclothymic Disorder?

A

Consists of a combination of hypomanic episodes and periods of dysthymia

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21
Q

Monoamine (Catecholamine) Theory of Depression

A

It posits that too much norepinephrine and serotonin in the synapse leads to mania while too little leads to depression

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22
Q

What characterizes Generalized Anxiety Disorder

A

Disproportionate and persistent worry about many different things for at least six months. These individuals often have physical symptoms like fatigue, muscle tension and sleep problems that accompany the worry

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23
Q

What is a phobia?

A

An irrational fear of something that results in a compelling desire to avoid it

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24
Q

What characterizes social anxiety?

A

Anxiety in social situations, they have a persistent fear when exposed to social or performance situations that may result in embarrassment

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25
Q

What characterizes agoraphobia?

A

Fear of being in places or in situations where it might be hard for an individual to escape; tend to be uncomfortable leaving their homes

26
Q

What characterizes panic disorder?

A

Consists of repeated panic attacks

27
Q

What characterizes Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder?

A

Obsessions (intrusive thoughts which produce tension)

Compulsions (repetitive tasks that relieve tension but cause impairment)

Obsessions raise the individuals stress level and compulsions relieve the stress

28
Q

What characterizes Body Dysmorphic Disorder?

A

A person with unrealistic negative evaluation of his or her appearance and attractiveness, usually directed toward a certain body part

29
Q

What characterizes Dissociatives Disorders?

A

In these disorders, the person avoids stress by escaping from his identity but their sense of reality remains intact

30
Q

What characterizes Dissociative Amnesia?

A

Inability to recall past experiences often due to trauma; often associated with a dissociative fugue

31
Q

What characterizes Dissociative Identity Disorder?

A

There are two or more personalities that recurrently take control of a person’s behavior; results when components of identity fail to integrate; often due to severe physical or sexual abuse

32
Q

What characterizes Depersonalization/Derealization Disorder?

A

Individuals feel detached from their own mind (depersonalization)

Detached from their body or from their surroundings, gives the world a dreamlike or insubstantial quality (derealization)

33
Q

What characterizes Somatic Symptom Disorders?

A

These disorders are characterized by somatic symptoms that cause significant stress or impairment

34
Q

What characterizes Conversion Disorder?

A

Characterized by unexplained symptoms affecting voluntary motor and sensory functions and symptoms generally begin after a traumatic event

35
Q

What characterizes Illness Anxiety Disorder?

A

Characterized by being consumed with thoughts about having or developing a serious medical condition

36
Q

What describes Personality disorders?

A

Patterns of behavior that are inflexible and maladaptive causing distress or impaired functioning in at least two of the following: cognition, emotion, interpersonal functioning or impulse control.

They are considered Ego-Syntonic which means that the individual perceives their behavior as correct, normal or in harmony with their goals

37
Q

What are Cluster A disorders? (Weird)

A

Paranoid, Schizotypal & Schizoid Personality Disorders

38
Q

Describe Paranoid Disorders

A

Pervasive Mistrust of others and suspicion regarding their motives

39
Q

Describe Schizotypal Disorders

A

Pattern of odd or eccentric thinking; delusions of reference as well as magical thinking

40
Q

Describe Schizoid Disorders

A

Pervasive pattern of detachment from social relationships and restricted range of emotional expression; show little desire for social interactions

41
Q

What are Cluster B disorders? (Wild)

A

Antisocial, Borderline, Histrionic and Narcissistic Personality Disorders

42
Q

Describe Antisocial Disorder

A

Pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others; lack of remorse, deceitfulness

43
Q

Describe Borderline Disorder

A

Pervasive instability in interpersonal behavior, mood and self-image; interpersonal relationships are often intense and unstable; they have intense fear of abandonment

44
Q

Describe Histrionic Disorder

A

They have constant attention-seeking behavior, wear colorful clothing, they’re dramatic and exceptionally extroverted; use seductive behavior to gain attention

45
Q

Describe Narcissistic Disorder

A

These individuals have a grandiose sense of self-importance or uniqueness, preoccupation with fantasies of success, a need for constant admiration and attention and characteristic disturbances in interpersonal relationships

46
Q

What are Cluster C Disorders?

A

Avoidant, Dependent and Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorders

47
Q

Describe Avoidant Disorder

A

Extremely shy and fear rejection

48
Q

Describe Dependent Disorder

A

Continuous need for reassurance usually from one particular person

49
Q

Describe Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder

A

Perfectionistic and inflexible, tend to like rules and order; lack of desire to change, excessive stubbornness, lack of a sense of humor and maintenance of careful routines

50
Q

What is the difference between OCPD and OCD?

A

OCPD is lifelong whereas OCD is focal and acquired.

51
Q

I can’t stop washing my hands because of the germs!

A

OCD

52
Q

I just like rules and order!

A

OCPD

53
Q

What describes PTSD?

A

It’s a result of a traumatic event that is difficult to forget causing emotional and mental terror

54
Q

What describes a Tic disorder?

A

One makes sudden, uncontrollable and repeated movement or sound such as in Tourette’s Syndrome

55
Q

What is the Biological Bases of Schizophrenia?

A

Most potential causes are genetic but also might be due to trauma at birth; hypoxemia is considered to be a risk factor; might be associated with excess dopamine in the brain

56
Q

What is the Biological Bases of Depressive & Bipolar Disorders?

A

Host markers include high glycolytic flux in the amygdala, hippocampal atrophy, high levels of cortisol or decreased norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine

57
Q

What is the Biological Bases of Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Deterioration of the substantia nigra causes a lack of dopamine

58
Q

Characteristics of Parkinsons Disease

A

Bradykinesia, Resting Tremor, Pill-Rolling Tremor, Masklike Facies, Cogwheel Rigidity, Shuffling Gait

59
Q

What is the Biological Bases of Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

Formation of neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated tau protein and amyloid plaques

60
Q

Characteristics of Alzheimer’s Disease

A

Flattened sulci in the cerebral cortex, enlarged cerebral ventricles, deficient blood flow in parietal lobes, reduction in levels of ACh and AChE

61
Q

What is Stem Cell Therapy?

A

Stem cells are capable of self-renewal, they can be useful tool to treat neurodegenerative diseases, it can be used to generate specific phenotype of neurons

MCAT (31 decks)

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