8A: Self-identity Flashcards
Self Concept
Our idea of who we are
e.g. I am a student, intelligent etc.
Self Schema
Self-given label that carries a set of qualities
Identity
Individual components of our self-concept
Aspects of Identity
A.D.R.R.E.S.S.I.N.G
Age Disability Status Religion Race Ethnicity Sexual Orientation Socioeconomic Class Indigenous Background National Origin Gender
Gender Identity
Self appraisals on scales of masculinity and femininity; not tied to biological sex or sexual orientation
Ethnic Identity
Ones ethnic group
National Identity
Based on political borders; result of shared history, media, cuisine etc.
Hierarchy of Salience
We let the situation we are in dictate which identity holds the most importance for us at any given moment
Self-Discrepancy Theory
Maintains that each of us has three selves (ACTUAL, IDEAL AND OUGHT) and generally, the closer that the three selves are to each other, the higher our self-esteem/self-worth will be
Actual Self
The way we see ourselves as we currently are; made up by our self-concept
Ideal Self
The person we would like to be
Ought Self
Our representation of the way others think we should be
Self-Esteem
Measure of how we feel about ourselves
Self-Efficacy
Our belief in our ability to suceed
Locus of Control
Extent to which one believes they can control events affecting them
Internal Locus of Control
The belief that one has control over what happens around them and the outcome of their own efforts and actions
Characteristics of Internal LOC
Taking responsibility for ones own actions, less likely to be influenced by what others think, they work
External Locus of Control
The belief that one has no control over what happens around them and that things are controlled by outside forces
Characteristics of External LOC
Blame external sources, credit any success to luck and feel hopeless in difficult situations
Self-Reference Effect
Tendency to better remember information relevant to ourselves
Learned Helplessness
When people learn not to act because they believe it will not affect the outcome anyway - leads them to remain helpless even in situations where they can exert control
An obese patient doesn’t try to lose weight because their parents were also obese and died at a young age, leading the patient to believe that its “in their genes” and they’re destined to end up the same way; what is this an example of?
Learned Helplessness
What are the theories for formation of identity? (Psychologist + Name)
Freud - Psychosexual
Erikson - Psychosocial
Kohlberg - Moral Reasoning
Vygotsky - Biosocial
5 Psychosexual Development Stages and the ages associated with them
- Oral (Birth to 1)
- Anal (1 to 3)
- Oedipal (3 to 5)
- Latency (5 to 12)
- Genital (13+)
Oral Stage
Gratification is obtained through putting objects into their mouth
Anal Stage
Gratification is obtained through elimination and retention of waste
Oedipal Stage (Males)
Envy fathers relationship with mother, fears castration, establishes sexual identity by identifying with his father
Oedipal Stage (Female)
Girls experience penis envy, expected to exhibit less stereotypically female behavior
8 Psychosocial Development Stages
- Trust vs. Mistrust
- Autonomy vs. Shame & Doubt
- Initiative vs. Guilt
- Industry vs. Inferiority
- Identity vs. Role Confusion
- Intimacy vs. Isolation
- Generativity vs. Stagnation
- Integrity vs. Despair
3 Categories of Moral Reasoning
- Preconventional Morality
- Conventional Morality
- Postconventional Morality
6 Stages of Moral Reasoning
- Obedience
- Self Interest
- Conformity
- Law & Order
- Social Contract
- Universal Human Ethics
Biosocial Development
Suggests that the driving force for cognitive development was the child’s internalization of various aspects of the culture: rules, symbols, language etc.; as they are internalized, cognitive abilities develop accordingly
Zone of Proximal Development
Those skills and abilities that have not yet fully developed but are in the process of development; gaining these skills successfully requires the help of a more knowledgeable other
How do individuals influence identity?
Through imitation, role-taking
Looking-Glass Self
The idea that a persons sense of self develops from interpersonal interactions with others in society and the perception of others;
People shape their self-concepts based on their understanding of how others perceive them
Imitation
Reproducing observed behaviors, involves mirror neurons
Role-Taking
Social perception that involves understanding of other’s roles and their situation;
Learn to become aware of other peoples identity and perspectives that differ from their own
Reference Group
A group that is socially compared to another group; it allows determination and evaluation of a given group
Social Behaviorism
The idea that the mind and self emerge through the process of communicating with others
Cultural Influence on Identity
Identity is influenced by different nationalities, language, sexuality, ethnicity, social class, generation or religion
Socialization influence on Identity
A person observes, determines and evaluations other peoples identity and values; allows a culture to pass on its values from one generation to the next
