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MCAT > 1C: Transmission of heritable information from generation to generation & the processes that increase genetic diversity > Flashcards

1C: Transmission of heritable information from generation to generation & the processes that increase genetic diversity Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Phenotype

A

Physical manifestation of genes; observable; non-inheritable; e.g. Hair color, eye color

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2
Q

Genotype

A

Genetic makeup; information in two alleles in the cell; inheritable; contains all heritable information, expressed and not expressed

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3
Q

Genes

A

Very long strands of DNA that code for a particular trait; genes are found in chromosomes; codes for protein

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4
Q

Genes

A

Very long strands of DNA that code for a particular trait; genes are found in chromosomes; codes for protein

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5
Q

Locus

A

Location of a gene on a chromosome; two homologous chromosomes have genes located at the same location on the DNA strand

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6
Q

Homologous Chromosomes

A

Two different alleles at their respective loci

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7
Q

Gene Mapping

A

Determines the particular biological trait that a locus is responsible for

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8
Q

Gene Mapping

A

Determines the particular biological trait that a locus is responsible for

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9
Q

Allele

A

Form of a gene located at a locus of a particular chromosome; there can be single or multiple alleles at each locus

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10
Q

Dominant Allele

A

Expressed and codes for a functional protein

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11
Q

Recessive Allele

A

Does not get expressed unless there are two present

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12
Q

Homozygous

A

Two alleles are the same

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13
Q

Heterozygous

A

Two alleles are different

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14
Q

Homozygous

A

Two alleles are the same

[AA]

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15
Q

Heterozygous

A

Two alleles are different

[Aa]

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16
Q

Homozygous

A

Two alleles are the same for a given trait
[AA]
[aa]

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17
Q

Heterozygous

A

Two alleles are different for a given trait
[Aa]
-recessive trait is not expressed but can be inherited

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18
Q

Heterozygous

A

Two alleles are different for a given trait
[Aa]
-recessive trait is not expressed but can be inherited

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19
Q

Wild Type

A

The typical phenotype that an organism has, non-mutant phenotype

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20
Q

Recessiveness

A

Viewed as the weaker of two alleles when it comes to determining one’s phenotype

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21
Q

Recessiveness

A

Viewed as the weaker of two alleles when it comes to determining one’s phenotype; phenotype only expressed when both alleles of the recessive variant are present

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22
Q

Recessiveness

A

Viewed as the weaker of two alleles when it comes to determining one’s phenotype; phenotype only expressed when both alleles of the recessive variant are present

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23
Q

Complete Dominance

A

Recessive allele is completely ignored phenotypically; always defined with respect to the phenotype of the Heterozygote

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24
Q

Codominance

A

Occurs when both alleles of a heterozygous allele pair air expressed resulting in phenotypic expression of both the dominant and the recessive phenotype
e.g. Blood Type

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25
Q

Incomplete Dominance

A

A new allele is expressed that is a blend of traits between the crossed alleles; RR x rr = Rr

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26
Q

Genetic Leakage

A

When genes are moved from one species to another

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27
Q

Penetrance

A

The percentage change that an organism will express the traits of a given gene

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28
Q

Penetrance

A

The percentage change that an organism will express the traits of a given gene

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29
Q

Expressivity

A

Determines how well genes are expressed

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30
Q

Expressivity

A

Determines how well genes are expressed

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31
Q

Hybridization

A

The process of two complementary, ssDNA or RNA combined together producing dsDNA through base pairing

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32
Q

Gene Pool

A

Sum of all genes (alleles) in a population at a given time; change over time through evolution through mutation, natural selection, genetic drift and other genetic mechanisms

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33
Q

Large Gene Pool

A

This gives high genetic diversity and greater biological fitness

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34
Q

Small Gene Pool

A

This gives low genetic diversity and reduced biological fitness = increased chance of extinction

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35
Q

Significance of Meiosis

A

Introduces genetic variability by genetic recombination which is a product of independent assortment & crossing-over

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36
Q

Differences between Mitosis & Meiosis

A

Mitosis = asexual, 2n -> 2n, growth and repair, 1 round of division, centromeres split during anaphase

Meiosis = sexual, 2n -> n, genetic diversity, crossing over, homologs pair up, 4 haploid cells, 46 -> 23, centromeres split during anaphase II

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37
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

Generates genetic variation;

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38
Q

Law of Independent Assortment

A

Generates genetic variation; each genes inheritance is independent of the inheritance of other genes

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39
Q

Genetic Linkage

A

Genes located near each other on a chromosome are likely to be inherited together during meiosis

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40
Q

Genetic Linkage

A

Genes located near each other on a chromosome are likely to be inherited together during meiosis; during crossover, genes located near a specific locus are less likely to be separated

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41
Q

Genetic Linkage

A

Genes located near each other on a chromosome are likely to be inherited together during meiosis; during crossover, genes located near a specific locus are less likely to be separated

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42
Q

Synaptonemal Complex

A

A protein complex between homologue chromosomes

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43
Q

Tetrads

A

Produced during meiosis through the process of synapsis

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44
Q

Chiasma

A

Joining between a pair of homologous chromosomes resulting in the formation of four chromatids

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45
Q

Chiasma

A

Joining between a pair of homologous chromosomes resulting in the formation of four chromatids

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46
Q

Sex-Linked Characteristics

A

Carried on the X chromosome - can affect both females and males; Y genes only affect males

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47
Q

X-linked recessive traits

A

Trait always expressed in men; women considered carriers

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48
Q

X-linked dominant traits

A

50% chance of inheriting from mother; 100% chance of inheriting from father

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49
Q

Genes of Y Chromosome

A

Sex-determining chromosome responsible for initiation of male sex determination; very few genes

50
Q

Sex Determination

A 
XX = female
XY = male
51
Q

Cytoplasmic Inheritance

A

Inheritance of things other than genomic DNA; cellular organelles (mitochondria) inherited from the mother

52
Q

Mutation

A

Change in DNA sequences by means other than recombination

53
Q

Types of Mutations

A 
Random
Translation Error
Transcription Error
Base Substitution
Inversion
Addition
Deletion
Translocation
Mispairing
54
Q

Random Mutation

A

Random changes in DNA sequence due to radiation, chemicals, replication errors

55
Q

Translation Error

A

Errors during translation that cause expression of a mutant phenotype

56
Q

Transcription Error

A

Errors during transcription can cause expression of a mutant phenotype

57
Q

Base Substituion

A

Mutation involving a base [ATGC] changing to a different base

58
Q

Inversion

A

A stretch of DNA breaks off and reattaches in the opposite orientation

59
Q

Addition (Insertion)

A

An extra base is added/inserted into the DNA sequence

60
Q

Addition (Insertion)

A

An extra base is added/inserted into the DNA sequence

61
Q

Deletion

A

A base is taken out of the DNA sequence

62
Q

Single Addition/Insertion & Deletion Mutations

A

Result in Frameshift Mutation

63
Q

Translocation

A

A stretch of DNA breaks off and then reattaches somewhere else

64
Q

Mispairing

A

A not pairing with T or G not pairing with C

65
Q

Mispairing

A

A not pairing with T or G not pairing with C

66
Q

Advantageous Mutation

A

Results in a benefit to the fitness of the organism

67
Q

Deleterious Mutation

A

Results in harmful effect to the fitness of the organism

68
Q

Inborn Errors of Metabolism

A

Genetic diseases that result in faulty metabolism; example Phenylketonuria

69
Q

Phenylketonuria

A

People can’t metabolize phenylalanine

70
Q

Mutagen

A

Something that causes mutation

71
Q

Carcinogen

A

Something that causes a mutation that causes cancer

72
Q

Relationship between mutagens and carcinogens

A

Carcinogens are almost always mutagens, not all mutagens are carcinogens

73
Q

Mitogen

A

Something that increases the rate of mitosis

74
Q

Mitogen

A

Something that increases the rate of mitosis

75
Q

Genetic Drift

A

Random sampling that causes changes in gene frequency in a population; a mechanism of evolution; increased by synapsis and crossing over

76
Q

Synapsis

A

A mechanism that occurs during Prophase I of Meiosis; occurs before crossing over

77
Q

Crossing Over

A

Exchanging of a section of chromosomes which results in daughter cells containing genes from both parents

78
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Principle/Equilibrium

A

Allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences

79
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Principle/Equilibrium

A

Allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences

80
Q

Hardy-Weinberg Equations

A

p + q = 1

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1

81
Q

p

A

Frequency of allele A

82
Q

q

A

Frequency of allele a

83
Q

p^2

A

Frequency of genotype AA

84
Q

q^2

A

Frequency of genotype aa

85
Q

2pq

A

Frequency of genotype Aa

86
Q

2pq

A

Frequency of genotype Aa

87
Q

Five Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg

A
  1. No Genetic Drift (infinitely large population)
  2. No Mutation
  3. No Migration
  4. No Sexual Selection (Random mating)
  5. No Natural Selection
88
Q

Back Cross

A

Mating between offspring and parent

89
Q

Back Cross

A

Mating between offspring and parent

90
Q

Multiplication Rule

A

Independent events in sequence; questions with and

91
Q

Addition Rule

A

Mutually exclusive events; questions with or

92
Q

Addition Rule

A

Mutually exclusive events; questions with or

93
Q

Natural Selection

A

Survival and reproduction of the fittest

94
Q

Fitness Concept

A

The ability to pass on genes or reproductive success

95
Q

Selection by Differential Reproduction

A

Individuals who reproduce more viable offspring are selected for; less viable offspring are selected against

96
Q

Directional Selection

A

Selects for a trait on one extreme; away from the average

97
Q

Divergent (Disruptive) Selection

A

Selection in both directions away from the average

98
Q

Stabilizing Selection

A

Selection for the average, against the extremes

99
Q

Group Selection

A

The idea that natural selections can affect the group/population and not just the individual

100
Q

Speciation

A

Formation of a new species which can occur due to barriers to successful interbreeding within an initial species

101
Q

3 conditions of biological species

A
  1. Ability to interbreed
  2. Ability to produce fertile viable offspring
  3. Does all of this naturally
102
Q

Polymorphism

A

Different phenotypes within a population of species; different forms of alleles/traits

103
Q

Polymorphism

A

Different phenotypes within a population of species; different forms of alleles/traits

104
Q

Adaptation

A

A change in the species over generations in order to better survive in the environment; genetic change caused by natural selection

105
Q

Specialization

A

Certain traits or characteristics are adapted to increase the species’ survival

106
Q

Specialization

A

Certain traits or characteristics are adapted to increase the species’ survival

107
Q

Inbreeding

A

Idea of mating between relatives that increases frequency of homozygotes and decreases frequency of heterozygotes and genetic diversity; often due to lack of migration

108
Q

Inbreeding

A

Idea of mating between relatives that increases frequency of homozygotes and decreases frequency of heterozygotes and genetic diversity; often due to lack of migration

109
Q

Outbreeding

A

Mating of unrelated members of a species; increases frequency of heterozygosity and genetic diversity; less subjection to diseases and genetic deformities

110
Q

Bottlenecks

A

The loss of most of the population usually following a disaster, increases the effect of genetic drift

111
Q

Bottlenecks

A

The loss of most of the population usually following a disaster, increases the effect of genetic drift

112
Q

Divergent Evolution

A

Same lineage, evolving apart to be more different; produces homologous structures

113
Q

Parallel Evolution

A

Same lineage, evolving closer together to be similar, using similar mechanisms

114
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Different lineage, evolving closer together to be similar, using different mechanisms; produces analogous structures

115
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Different lineage, evolving closer together to be similar, using different mechanisms; produces analogous structures

116
Q

Coevolution

A

Two species evolve in response to each other; predator/prey or host/parasite species

117
Q

Symbiotic Relationships

A

Parasitism, Commensalism, Mutualism

118
Q

Parastism

A

Relationship where

119
Q

Parastism

A

Relationship where one benefits and the other is harmed

120
Q

Commensalism

A

Relationship where one benefits and the other is not affected

121
Q

Mutualism

A

Relationship where both species benefit

MCAT (31 decks)

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