8.3 langauge Flashcards
Aphasia
any specific impairment in the ability to produce or comprehend language
-difficulty: understanding, reading, speaking, writing
frontal lobe, left hemisphere, brocas area
impairment producing language
brocas aphasia
impairment in the ability to produce language through speech
carl wernicke
can produce language but have trouble comprehending the speech of others
left temporal lobes
wernickes aphasia
an impairment in the ability to comprehend spoken language
language
a rule base means of communication using spoken, written , or gestural symbols
advantages provided by language
- allows us to communicate about things that are not physically present
- allows for creating symbols to represent completely novel concepts that may not even exist in reality
- can be transferred from one generation to the next
language productivity
the basic units of language permit an almost infinite number of combinations
phonemes
the smallest units of language they are the units of sound that we use to form words they dont have any meaning on their own test T//E//S//T
morphemes
the smallest meaningful units of language
some morphemes like /plant/ are meaning full on their own
you can add non meaningful morphemes to other morphemes and that modifies the meaning /er/
/planter/
semantics
the study of how peopl learn the meaning of words
orthography
the visual representation of words
phonology
the speech based representation of words
dyslexia
a particular deficit in reading that can occur in individuals who are otherwise of normal or above average intelligence
primary difficulty seems to be in their translating the orthography of words into their phonological representation
syntax
the rules that define the acceptable order of combining words into phrases and sentences
english sentences, require one noun followed by one verbs
more complex sentences emerge by creating phrases out of nouns and verbs : nous phrase followed by a verb phrase
syntax noun phrase and verb phrase
noun phrase: all rule following sentences
verb phrase: must ave a noun phrase and a verb phrase
pragmatics
non linguistic aspects of our communication with language such as body language, tone of voice, and reliance on cultural expressions that are not to be taken literally
- allows us to capture sentences in a different way
- sarcasm-tone changes meaning
- facial expressions- provide us with a cue as to whether or not to perceive a statement as sarcasm
language acquisition
we all seem to develop language effortlessly during childhood through mere exposure
we are born with the ability to produce 200 phonemes, but no languages actually use that many
-english only requires about 40
janet werker
observed that very young infants can detect the difference between the different d sound in the two statements
this Doll vs. you Doll
by 10 months of age, infants exposed primarily to english lose the ability to detect the difference between the d phonemes
other features of infants that support language acquisition
- infants prefer speech sounds to other types of sounds
- infants soon come to prefer phoneme combinations that are common in the language they are exposed to
babies prefers non word browder than bkotder - babies also soon come to prefer hearing nouns and verbs over other types of words
naming explosion
through infancy and toddlerhood, humans learn so many words, so quickly, it qualifies as a type of explosion
fast mapping
very young children appear to learn many words with only one single exposure
overgeneralization errors
we goed to the the park
i chased the gooses
these errors are an incorrect, but impressive, applications of a rule that works well in other situations
applying common rules in wrong situation
sensitive period
the early period in our lifespan, during which acquisition of language occurs quite easily and naturally
cross fostering
placing a chimpanzee to be raised as a member of a human family
lexigrams
pressing buttons with a symbol
easier to learn than sign language
skeptical concerns about chimpanzees capacity for language
- no chimpanzee has ever used language to form complex phrases
- no chimpanzee has transferred their knowledge of language to their children
- no chimpanzee has generated a new symbol as a way to make reference to an unfamiliar object or event-the productivity function of language
- working so closely with chimpanzees may compromise the objectivity of the researchers involved in chimpanzee language studies
Paul Broca
studied a patient who had a stroke
studied language
patient had a condition called Aphasia
impairment in language production
