12.3 psychodynamic and humanistic approaches

Question 1

Sigmund freud

Answer 1

• personality development
• founded the fields of psychiatry and clinical psychology
• main early contribution was his successful search for apparently elusive eel testicles
• focuses on treating mental disorders
• lengthy discussions
• psychodynamic theory- conscious vs. unconscious

Question 2

freudian slips

Answer 2

an unintentional error regarded as revealing subconscious feelings

Question 3

psychological problems might arise from

Answer 3

conflict bw our conscious and unconscious minds

-according to freud, this internal conflict is over control of our behaviour

Question 4

Id

Answer 4

forms the oldest part of our unconscious mind
as we grow the selfish gratification that the Id motivates has to do with sex and aggression and hunger
the energy that drives the Id is called Libido, the Id follows a pleasure principle

Question 5

we quickly learn that we cant do whatever we want to do

Answer 5

If adults followed what Id wanted it to do they would be in jail cell

Question 6

superego

Answer 6

as we grow the rules of right and wrong in our family become another part of our unconscious mind called the superego

• to generate uncomf feelings when we do something that we learned is wrong, also makes us feel good for doing the right thing
• the energy that drives the superego is anxiety

Question 7

ego

Answer 7

conscious mind
-chose the behaviour to perform in any situation the ego faces the challenge of trying to keep both the Id and superego reasonably happy even though they want opposite things to happen
given the task of balancing Id desires against superego goody-goody attitudes, the ego follows a reality principle

Question 8

defence mechanisms

Answer 8

methods that the ego applies to reduce pressures from the superego and Id without actually addressing the root cause of those pressures
-are temporary band aids for deeper psychological conflicts

Question 9

rationalization

Answer 9

when we want to justify doing something very selfish or morally wrong by developing an explanation as why the action is actually morally acceptable

Question 10

displacement

Answer 10

if the id wants to do something socially or morally unacceptable, the ego decides not to do that but to do something acceptable or at least less unacceptable, as a compromise

Question 11

identification

Answer 11

to reduce feelings of insecurity about ourselves from the superego, we may borrow qualities from ppl we consider more terrific or powerful thyan we are

Question 12

projection

Answer 12

reducing the anxiety that would come from realizing that we have some flaw or some unacceptable desire by coming to believe that another person or other people have that same desire or flaw

Question 13

reaction formation

Answer 13

reducing the anxiety from possessing a morally unacceptable impulse through the ego re-interpreting it as the opposite impulse

Question 14

sublimation

Answer 14

reducing anxiety about wanting to engage in socially unacceptable behaviours by expressing that urge through some socially noble or respectable activity

Question 15

freuds psychosexual stages of personality development

Answer 15

how ppl deal with sexual urges

Question 16

fixation

Answer 16

the consequence of failing to resolve the central crisis at any of the psychosexual stages, resulting in dysfunctional behaviour

Question 17

Oral stage (0-18months)

Answer 17

the Id’s focus on oral gratification

fixation can lead to long term oral related problems

Question 18

anal stage (2-3 years)

Answer 18

the ids focus is on elimination of wastes and the main challenge is achieving appropriate ways to fulfill this basic biological need

• fixation can lead to long-term cleanliness-related problems
• anal expulsive: id takes over at the end of the stage
• anal retentive : superego takes over

Question 19

Phallic stage (3-6)

Answer 19

the Ids focus is on sexual gratification through the genitals
fixation can lead to adults who are too selfish or too selfless in their relationship with others
freud believed that penis envy could lead women to seek power, control, and dominance over men

Question 20

Oedipus complex

Answer 20

boys become sexually attracted to their mothers, generating a hatred for their fathers

Question 21

castration anxiety

Answer 21

a boys discovery that his mother doesn’t have a penis leads him to fear that the father cuts other family members penises off

Question 22

penis envy

Answer 22

girls are also sexually attracted to their mothers during the phallic stage, and hate their fathers as a competitor, so that also makes them jealous

Question 23

children forming a secure attachment with each of their parents is important

Answer 23

but freud is strange for thinking the process has anything to do with sexuality

Question 24

Latency stage (6-13 years)

Answer 24

personality development takes an intermission

Question 25

genital stage (13 and up)

Answer 25

the Ids focus returns to the general vicinity of the groin and desperately wants to satisfy sexual urges, so the main crisis is in achieving this objective in ways that are socially appropriate
-failure to achieve proper balance can result in someone who is too promiscuous or too sexually repressed as an adult

Question 26

free association

Answer 26

freud would say a word and the client would report the first word that came to min,d thereby provided a clue about unconscious conflicts

Question 27

dream analysis

Answer 27

describing dreams

Question 28

projective tests

Answer 28

involves presenting something to a client and having them provide their interpretation

• rotschach inkblot test
• thematic apperception test

Question 29

carl jung

Answer 29

founded a movement called analytical psychology

proposed that our personality also includes unconscious archetypes that originate from the ancestral past of humanity

Question 30

analytical psychology

Answer 30

the idea that our unconscious mind consists of
1. personal unconscious
freuds ideas about the Id, ego, and superego
2. Collective unconscious
(old unconscious knowledge originating from the experiences of our distant ancestors)

Question 31

the shadow

Answer 31

represents unconscious truth that we posses negative attributes that we would prefer to keep hidden

Question 32

the mother

Answer 32

represents the truth that we want to give life to something but not necessarily a child, maybe new ideas, new art, new accomplishment

Question 33

The hero

Answer 33

to be a source of good in the ongoing fight against our own capacity for evil or injustices committed by others

Question 34

alfred adler

Answer 34

inferiority complex

Question 35

inferiority complex

Answer 35

children who are not allowed to develop independence will become adults who feel less valuable or competent than other people
-unconscious feelings of inferiority can result in behaviours aimed at overcompensating for those feelings

Question 36

karen horney

Answer 36

she though freuds views were sexist and that childhood development had more to do with learning how to form secure attachments with other people
-womb envy

Question 37

womb envy

Answer 37

horney suggested that women don’t have penis envy but that boys have jealousy over not being able to produce babies or breastfeed
she suggested that this jealousy was one cause for some men’s efforts to control and dominate women and explained some fathers lack of interest in child raising

Question 38

humanistic psychology

Answer 38

the approach emphasized that humans are uniquely designed to seek out love and fulfillment through their work with others and by engaging in activities that help others

Question 39

carl rogers

Answer 39

person centred perspective

self actualization

Question 40

person centred perspective

Answer 40

everyone should be viewed as basically good and all they need is a properly supportive environment to give them the confidence to reach their potential as peaceful, compassionate, and productive members of the community

Question 41

self actualization

Answer 41

fully developing our own special talents and achieving complete life satisfaction according to our unique personal abilities and interests
with enough encouragement and support rogers thought that we will all naturally seek to achieve our fullest potential

Question 42

martin seligman and the positive psychology movement

Answer 42

seligman led a recent resurgence of the humanistic idea that being psychologically healthy doesn’t only mean being free of pain and despair, it also mean fulfilling ones personal goals and reaching ones fullest potential