16.2 the psychological kind

Question 1

insight therapies

Answer 1

the goal is to resolve psychological problems by finding their root cause

Question 2

psychodynamic therapies

Answer 2

the goal is to carefully seek out the unconscious causes of psychological problems, with the assumption that awareness of the cause of those problems will provide the cure

• freudian psychology
• idea is that unconscious conflicts originate from persons past experience

Question 3

defense mechanisms

Answer 3

unconscious conflicts bw the ID and superego can generate irrational thinking and behaviours

Question 4

free association

Answer 4

clients talk about or write down their thoughts without constraint or censorship

Question 5

dream analysis

Answer 5

seeking to understand the nature of unconscious conflicts based on the contents of a clients dreams

• manifest content
• latent content

Question 6

manifest content

Answer 6

is the symbolic way our conscious minds experience our dreams

Question 7

latent content

Answer 7

is the deeper meaning of our dreams that reflect unconscious conflicts

Question 8

resistance

Answer 8

aggressive behaviours and strong emotional rxns that provide clues of an unconscious conflict that the clients conscious mind is reluctant to confront

Question 9

transference

Answer 9

• finding clients unconscious conflicts
• analyzing how the client reacts to the therapist based on the idea that it is possible to reveal unconscious conflicts formed in relationships with other ppl in a clients past such as parents based on how they relate in the social context of therapy sessions
• works best when therapist work in a way that is quite neutral and not responsive to the thoughts expressed by their clients so that the way the client acts toward the therapist can be a pure indicator of their clients unconscious habits in social relationships that have been moulded by painful relationship conflicts from childhood

Question 10

object- relations therapy

Answer 10

relying on a clients conscious self-reflection and what they remember about their past to understand the source of their mental health problems

Question 11

interpersonal therapy(IPT)

Answer 11

to help improve their clients success in relationships, the therapist interacts with them as a participant observer to determine the social patterns they engage in

Question 12

humanistic-existential psychotherapy

Answer 12

the idea is that ppl will naturally pursue self-fulfillment if they receive enough support, acceptance, and encouragement
-in this type of therapy, the therapist is not so directive, but plays a more supportive, coach-type role

Question 13

humanistic psychotherapy

Answer 13

the focus is on helping clients eliminate the obstacles that prevent themselves from achieving self-actualization

• carl rogers
• the founder of client-(or person-) centred psychotherapy
• conditions of worth

Question 14

conditions of worth

Answer 14

expectations imposed by other people and ourselves that lead us away from being our true selves and reaching our fullest potential

Question 15

unconditional positive regard

Answer 15

the therapist accepts, non-judgementally and supportively, all of the views that their clients express

Question 16

existentialist psychotherapy

Answer 16

the main goal is for a client to confront sources of sadness, discomfort, or fear

Question 17

a phenomenological approach

Answer 17

the emphasis is on current, ongoing conscious thoughts, perceptions, and feelings, instead of unconscious conflicts and long ago experiences

Question 18

emotion-focused therapy

Answer 18

clients consciously experience negative emotions and explore sources of their sadness, anxiety or anger to develop skill in controlling negative thoughts and extreme emotional rxns

Question 19

the effectiveness of insight therapies

Answer 19

very much depends on the quality of the relationship bw the client and the therapist, and on the clients verbal skills

Question 20

behavioural therapies

Answer 20

the approach is to determine the rewards or habits that support negative behaviours to eliminate those and replace them with positive behaviours

Question 21

systematic desensitization

Answer 21

eliminating phobias by combining gradual exposure to the source of the phobia with relaxation techniques

Question 22

flooding

Answer 22

eliminating phobias through extreme exposure

Question 23

Modelling

Answer 23

method used in certain techniques of psychotherapy whereby the clint learns by imitation alone, w/o any specific verbal direction by the therapist

Question 24

virtual-reality exposure (VRE)

Answer 24

reducing fear responses through safe exposure using virtual-reality technology
-this is promising treatment for soldiers with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) allowing them to reduce fear responses that remain with them from their experiences in war zones

Question 25

aversive conditioning

Answer 25

seeking to eliminate negative behaviours by replacing the reward ppl experience with a punishment

Question 26

antabuse

Answer 26

a drug meant to help ppl overcome alcohol addiction by generating extreme nausea in them when they consume it

Question 27

cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT)

Answer 27

thought-behaviour-emotion affects of we think and feel

no side effects from drugs, more time consuming

Question 28

cognitive restructuring

Answer 28

showing a person how to recognize when their thoughts are irrationally negative and to adopt perspectives and patterns of thinking that are more productive and hopeful

Question 29

stress inoculation training

Answer 29

helping a client develop skills in reducing severe emotional responses that they experience in stressful situations

Question 30

systematic desensitization: fear of heights

Answer 30

1. teach relaxation technique
2. write the word height and relax
3. enter bottom of tall building and relax
4. enter higher floor and relax
5. progress to an even higher floor and relax
   no side effects from drugs, more time consuming

Question 31

mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)

Answer 31

the goal is to develop greater self-awareness and self-acceptance through non-judgmental self-reflection

Question 32

Daniel siegal

Answer 32

the 4 goals of mindfulness 
C-curious 
O-open
A-accepting
L-loving

Question 33

interpersonal atunement

Answer 33

having a positive and healthy relationship with oneself, based on a deep understanding and appreciation for one’s unique characteristics and life experiences

Question 34

decentring

Answer 34

involves processing one’s own behaviours and experiences from a more objective point of view, which can be a more positive perspective for some ppl

Question 35

group therapy

Answer 35

common for people who are share a similar challenge

Question 36

family therapy

Answer 36

type of group therapy

Question 37

a systems approach to psychotherapy

Answer 37

this approach assumes that psychological problems are not only caused by the person suffering them, but can also emerge from the actions of the other ppl in their lives

Question 38

psychological therapies

Answer 38

any technique for improving mental health that doesn’t involve either taking medications or having surgery