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Psychology > 3.3 anatomy of the brain > Flashcards

3.3 anatomy of the brain Flashcards

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1
Q

the brain

A

major control centre, for our behaviour and psychological experiences
subdivided into three parts: hind brain, mid brain and forebrain
divided into two cerebral hemispheres: left and right

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2
Q

the hindbrain

A

-midbrain
-pons
-cerebellum
-medulla
-spinal cord
(damage to this part is very lethal, b/c they are part of life substantial functions)
-form our functions without a need for us to be aware
ex.breath, hearts pumping

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3
Q

medulla

A

regulates breathing, heart rate, sneezing, salivating and vomiting

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4
Q

pons

A

contributes to our sleeping and waking cycle, and helps to control our balance, eye movements and swallowing

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5
Q

reticular activating system

A

important for alertness and contributes to everyday cycle of waking and sleeping
behind the spinal cord

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6
Q

Cerebellum

A

important for coordinating movements , maintaining balance, and also influences attention and emotional responses

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7
Q

midbrain

A

located behind hindbrain
serves as our transmission point for info for our senses
physical movement

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8
Q

midbrain:

superior colliculus

A

controls our orienting response to the sudden presence of a visual stimulus

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9
Q

midbrain:

inferior colliculus

A

responsible for orienting attention to the sudden occurrence of a sound

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10
Q

forebrain

A

ventricles are filled with cerebrospinal fluid

  • lateral ventricle
  • third ventricle
  • fourth ventricle
  • cerebral aqueduct
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11
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

performs important waste removal and nutrient providing functions

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12
Q

forebrain

basal ganglia:

A

responsible for engaging planned physical movements, learning motor skills, and integrating sensory info physical movement, and the reward system of the brain

  • thamlya
  • amygdala
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13
Q

disorders that originate from basal ganglia dysfunction include;

A
  • parkinsons disease-uncontrollable motor function
  • Huntington’s disease- cant control their muscles from twitching
  • tourette’s syndrome
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14
Q

tourette’s syndrom

A

may be unable to control facial and muscle movement, their eyes from blinking, or from making grunting or snorting noises
Corprolalia-shouting offensive words is a rare symptom

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15
Q

the forebrain

nucleus accumbens

A

works with the basal ganglia to generate pleasurable experiences

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16
Q

forebrain

limbic system

A 
-contains parts critical for memory and emotion
amygdala
hippocampus 
hypothalamus 
thalamus
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17
Q

amygdala

A

controls the creation of memory for emotional experiences and processing emotional content of stimuli

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18
Q

hippocampus

A

key structure for creating new memories

damage to this can cause catastrophic amnesia

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19
Q

hypothalamus

A

regulates body temperature and helps coordinate biological drives, such as sex and aggression, by controlling the release of hormones by the pituitary gland
-orgasms for both genders depend on signals originating from this structure

20
Q

thalamus

A

relay station for receiving and transmitting sensory info from the eyes, ears, skin and tongue to higher brain areas

21
Q

cerebral cortex

A

large and dense with neurons
serves as primary explanations for our mental advantages over other species
abilities to plan, make decisions , solve problems creatively, think deep thoughts and language, and our personalities
white matter(axons) , grey matter(neurons), ventricles(

22
Q

neurons in cerebral cortex

A 
mice - millions
dogs -160m
cats 300m
chimpanzees 6 billion
humans 19-23b
23
Q

cerebral cortex lobes

A

frontal lobe
parietal lobe
occipital lobe
temporal lobe

24
Q

occipital lobes

A

devoted to early processing of visual info with direct connections from the regions of the thalamus that relay inputs from the eyes to our brains
AKA primary visual cortex

25
Q

Parietal lobes

A

receive info about the visual world from the occipital lobes and use it to provide us with info for visually guided action
-also contain the somatosensory cortex, which controls our sense of touch

26
Q

temporal lobes

A

receive inputs from occipital cortex and use them to provide info about the identity and meaning of visual stimuli
top
-contains the area fro early processing of auditory info
AKA primary auditory cortex
-damage hear causing hearing impairments, cortical deafness
front
-essential for accessing general knowledge about the world
back
wernickes area- controls speech comprehension and written comprehension

27
Q

frontal lobes

brocas area

A

involved in articulation spoken words

28
Q

frontal lobes

A

-source of planning, initiating actions in support of those plans, creative problem-solving, language productions, and hosts our personalities
-control suppressing emotional responses when they are inappropriate for the context
back
primary motor cortex-controls voluntary movements

29
Q

hemispheric specialition

A

right-art, creativity-music
left-language, logic and math
the idea of a division of labour b/w the hemispheres have some supportive evidence, but have also been highly exaggerated

30
Q

corpus callosum

A

thick band of neural tissues which connects left and right

31
Q

split brain patients

A

items presented to the right visual field can be verbally identified

  • info presented from the left side of visual field gets sent to the right hemispheres of our brains and vise versa but in split brain this is not the case
  • for most ppl, language production capacity originates exclusively from the left hemisphere, right cannot
32
Q

neuroplasticity

A

the brains extraordinary capacity to change its structure as a consequence of experience and learning

  • brain structure is not stable over time
  • brain changes for our need
33
Q

neuroscientific methods

A

lesioning
trans-cranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
structural neuroimaging

34
Q

lesioning

A

causing brain damage in non-human animals and the measuring what effect the damage has on their behaviour

35
Q

trans-cranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

directing a magnetic pulse at an area of a person’s brain and seeing what affect that has on their mental function

36
Q

structural neuroimaging

A

non-invasive technologies that provide info about the state of brain structures

  • computerized tomography (CT) scan
  • magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
  • Disruption tensor imaging (DTI)
37
Q

computerized tomography (CT) scan

A

a set of x-rays are taken of the brain by rotating a tube around the person’s head

38
Q

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

A

a machine generates a magnetic field that brings hydrogen molecules in our brain into alignment

  • radio waves then get sent through the skull to disrupt this alignment
  • when the radio waves are turned off, energy absorbed from the radio waves are released when the H molecules become aligned by the magnetic field again
  • diff types of brain matter and the ventricle release diff amounts of energy and alignment occurs at diff speed for diff types of brain matter
  • computers then use this info to create a quite detailed image of the interior structure of the brain
39
Q

Disruption tensor imaging (DTI)

A

provides a measure of white matter pathways

40
Q

functional neuroimaging

A

tools for measuring changes in brain activity across time

  • tools unable to provide researchers with an understanding of which brain areas are active during specific types of mental activity
  • electroencephal ogram (EEG)
  • Event related potentials
  • functional magnetic resonance imaging
  • positron emission tomography
  • Magnetoenchephalography (MEG)
41
Q

-electroencephal ogram (EEG)

A

involves attaching electrodes to a persons scalp and measuring the electrical activity generated by neurons sending messages to one another

42
Q

event related potentials (ERPs)

A

EEF recordings that follow presentation of a stimulus

43
Q

Magnetoenchephalography (MEG)

A

Provides a measure of the magnetic fields generated from neural activity

44
Q

Positron emission tomography (PET)

A

involves injecting a radioactive substance into the bloodstream and then later using a scan to detect which parts of the brain contain more of the substance

45
Q

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)

A

involves placing a person’s head in a magnetic field and scanning for changes in the consumption of Oxygen by did parts of the brain

  • areas that generate more deoxygenated blood, and that require more oxygenated blood to replace it are areas that are more active
  • allows for the creation of images that identify the areas of the brain that identify the areas of the brain that are most active when someone is performing some mental function
46
Q

Pros and Cons for each technique

A

EEG is fast and cheap but not very precise
MEG is more sensitive than EEG, but more expensive
PET is more expensive and slower than EEG and MEG, but also more precise at localizing brain activity
fMRI is the most expensive and not as fast as EEG and MEG, but it is faster and more precise than PET.

Psychology (42 decks)

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