10.2 child cognitive and social development

Question 1

habituation-dishabituation response

Answer 1

habituation- infants do not spend as much time looking at visual stimuli or events that they already know about
dishabitiuation- surprising and unfamiliar visual stimuli or events tend to capture an infants attention

Question 2

renee baillargeon

Answer 2

a test of an earlier understanding of object permanence

• the short carrot passes across, and is fully obscured by the structure
• long carrot passes across, and impossibly it is also fully obscured by the structure
  3. 5 month old infants spend more time looking at this event, suggesting that they found it surprising
• infant looking time is likely a fairer test of what infants know

Question 3

core knowledge hypothesis

Answer 3

the idea that infants are born with some knowledge about the world, such as a basic knowledge of numbers and how objects should behave

Question 4

lev vygotsky

zone of proximal development

Answer 4

proposed child cognitive development proceeds most efficiently when (with adult scaffolding) children make an attempt at acquiring skills that are just beyond what they can accomplish on their own

Question 5

scaffolding

Answer 5

adult mentors should properly match the support they provide to the child’s current skill level
-how much scaffolding a parent determines how soon children become independent and contributing member of the family

Question 6

attachment

Answer 6

the emotional sense of closeness and security that a child develops (or fails to develop) with their caregiver or caregivers

Question 7

harry harlow

Answer 7

studied baby rhesus monkeys

• they liked cloth
• even when the wire mother was the source of their food the monkeys still sought comfort from the cloth mother
• the monkeys need for comfort from a soft and cuddly mother challenged the behaviourist idea that children bond with their mothers bc they need them for food

Question 8

mary ainsworth

Answer 8

how children react to presence of strangers when the caregiver is absent
-the strange situation

Question 9

stranger anxiety

Answer 9

young children’s discomfort and emotional distress the presence of strangers

Question 10

the strange situation

Answer 10

parent brings kid to the lab, a room with toys and a stranger
parent leaves and later returns

Question 11

secure attachment pattern

Answer 11

1. the child is mildly distressed when their caregiver leaves the alone with the stranger
2. the child keeps a calm distance from the stranger
3. when the caregiver returns, the child seeks comfort from the caregiver and they quickly behave happy and relaxed

Question 12

insecure attachment patterns

anxious/resistant attachment

Answer 12

1. the child clings tightly to the caregiver before they leave the room
2. the child is very upset when they are alone with the stranger
3. when the caregiver returns, the child rushes for comfort, but also seems to push the caregiver away

Question 13

insecure attachment patterns

avoidant attachment pattern

Answer 13

1. the child doesn’t seem very close to the caregiver when they enter the room
2. the child is not at all concerned when the caregiver leaves them alone with the stranger
3. the child ignores the caregiver when they return to the room

Question 14

insecure attachment patterns

disorganizedd attachment pattern

Answer 14

children behave as though they can’t decide whether to seek comfort from their caregiver or avoid contact with their caregiver
they alternately act to seek or avoid contact with their caregiver or they become paralyzed with indecision about what to do

Question 15

attachment style during infancy predicts…

Answer 15

success in forming adult attachments

Question 16

forming a healthy and secure attachment bw child and caregiver is a …

Answer 16

matter of striking the right balance

Question 17

self awareness

Answer 17

children gradually develop an appreciation of themselves, separate from other people

Question 18

egocentrism

Answer 18

lacking the capacity to understand that other ppl have perspectives, thoughts and feelings that differ from ones own

Question 19

piaget asked children to describe what the 3 mtns would look like from the dolls perspective….

Answer 19

but children under about age 7 respond by claiming their perspective as identical to the dolls

Question 20

theory of mind

Answer 20

the capacity to understand that other ppl have their own minds wit thoughts, feelings, and perceptions that differ from ones own

Question 21

false belief task

Answer 21

as in the smarties-box-full-of-pencils example, these tasks test whether children will understand that another person holds a false belief, bc that person has not been provided with the info that the child knows that would allow them to avoid the false belief

Question 22

pro social behaviour

Answer 22

behaviour that is respectful of others needs and involves efforts to help them, while also ensuring that we are treated with respect and that we get out own needs met in ways that are fair and justified

• contagious cry is an early form of empathy
  ex. at 5 months old, infants prefer helpful teddy bears over unhelpful ones. at 8 months old, infants show a preference for teddy bears who are kind to other, helpful teddy bears, and display a preference for teddy bears that are mean to another teddy bear that had earlier behaved in a selfish and unhelpful way

Question 23

instrumental helping

Answer 23

by age 1, children will provide assistance with another efforts to complete a task

Question 24

empathic helping

Answer 24

by age 2, children will act to help someone who is in distress feel better

Question 25

two systems underlying prosocial behaviour

Answer 25

attachment behavioural system

caregiver behavioural system

Question 26

attachment behavioural system

Answer 26

our system for achieving personal comfort and security from others

Question 27

caregiver behavioural system

Answer 27

our system for helping others

Question 28

the caregiver behavioural system can only be active if the….

Answer 28

attachment behavioural system is satisfied

Question 29

conditional approach to parenting

Answer 29

relying on rewards and punishments to motivate children to engage in positive behaviours

Question 30

conditional approach to parenting

Answer 30

extrinsic motivations block developing intrinsic motivation for prosocial behaviour
-this approach also tends to generate a more negative relationship between children and their parents and can lead to
development of introjection

Question 31

introjection

Answer 31

occurs when ppl rely on others views of them as the basis for feeling good or bad about themselves

Question 32

induction discipline approach to parenting

Answer 32

best approach to parenting

• the focus is on providing supportive explanations about when the child should or shouldn’t do and why, including explanations about how a child’s actions will affect the feelings of other people
• involves presenting the child with info about the outcome associated with whatever choice they face and when possible, letting them make their own decision