7 - Industrial Development And The Land Question Flashcards
What class did Russia not possess?
Middle class
What did Von Reutern believe Russia needed? What did he introduce?
Economic change
Reforms
What type of farming was abolished? What did this mean?
Tax-farming
Companies could no longer collect taxes
What organisation was reformed under Von Reutern? What systems were established?
The Treasury
Auditing and budgeting
What facilities were made available from Banks?
Credit facilities
What was offered to private railway companies?
Subsides
What was guaranteed by the government for foreign investors?
Annual dividends
What was lowered on trade? What was negotiated?
Tariffs
Trade treaties
What 2 industries expanded because of Von Reutern? What field was there an improvement in?
Cotton/Mining
Agriculture
In what 2 fields did mobility remained limited? What was slow?
Transport/Labour
Growth
What was unstable in the economy? Where did a lot of income go towards?
Russian Currency
Paying off debts
Which place did Russia remain underdeveloped towards?
Western Europe
What did Vyshnegradsky try to build up?
Industry
What tariffs were increased? How much by?
Import tariffs
30%
Why were grain imports increased? How much were they increased by between 1881-91?
To make peasants sell to the state
18%
Where did Russia get a loan from in 1888?
France
What 3 things did peasants suffer from under Vyshnegradsky?
High taxes
High good prices
Grain requisitions
When did a famine take place under Vyshnegradsky? How many people died?
1891-92
350,000
What did Witte want from abroad? What 3 things did he increase investment in?
Loans
Mining, oil and banking
What did Witte encourage European experts to oversee? What did he want advice on?
Development
Planning
What did Witte achieve with the railway network?
A huge expansion
Why did emancipation bring little change to agriculture for peasants?
Peasants had too little land to become prosperous
Why did the Mir fail to bring agricultural success?
Backwards farming practices favoured by the elders
Who were the biggest Landowners? What did many of them do?
Nobles
Sell their land to pay debts
Why did some Landowners abandon farming? What did some of them start up?
To learn professions
Businesses
How did Kulaks buy land? Who did Kulaks employ?
Loans from the Peasants Land Bank
Lower peasants
What did the poorer peasants become?
Landless labourers
Why were most peasants unable to do military service? What was the average life expectancy in Russia for peasants?
Unfit
28
What does Historian Orlando Figes say about the economic partitions?
“Partitions made little economic sense”
