12 - Social Divisions And Cultural Change Flashcards
At what level did peasants continue to live? What event from 1891-92 caused this?
Substience level
Great Famine
How much per acre was grain output in Russia compared to Britain and Germany?
1/3
What were peasants driven hard to produce? What were they forced to pay?
Surplus for export
High taxes
What population made living conditions worse? Who were holdings divided by?
Rural population
Sons and the amount of land families had
Who could Kulaks afford to employ? What gulf widened in society?
Labour
Kulaks and labourers
Whose mortality rates were high? What did they have limited access to?
Peasants
Doctors
What standards varied in Russia? Where was there prosperity?
Living standards
Ukraine
Where were backward farming methods still favoured? Whose support mostly came from there?
Central Russia
Bolsheviks
How much of nobility land was transferred to peasants and dwellers from 1861-1914? What 2 things did most nobles retain?
1/3
Wealth and position in government
Who emerged as industrialisation gained pace? What did many of them serve on?
Middle class Zemstva
What did the Orthodox Church have close ties with? What did the Tsar allegedly rule by?
Tsarism
“Divine right”
What did the Orthodox Church exercise sway over? What did this benefit?
Superstitious peasantry
Tsarist regime
Who had close ties to the village? What were they expected to do?
Priests
Read out decrees
What controls did the Church exercise? What would the courts hand down punishments for?
Censorship
Social/moral crimes
Under which Tsar did the Church have increased control over primary education? What became a crime in terms of Orthodox loyalty?
Alexander III
You couldn’t convert to another faith
Who did the Church have less hold of in the cities? What type of ideas had more appeal?
Growing working class Socialism
What development brought new opportunities for women? What provision was expanded?
Economic
Education
What percentage of children were in primary school by 1914? Between what ages?
45%
8-11
What flourished at the end of censorship? When did censorship end?
Popular press
1905
What novels were cheaply produced for the newly literate?
Tolstoy and Dostoevsky
What had Russian culture embraced by 1914?
More than the elite
What 2 things did millions of people remain respectful to even after cultural changes?
Autocracy and Orthodox Church
What did millions go out on the streets for in 1913?
300th anniversary of Romanov dynasty
