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A-Level History: Tsarist And Communist Russia - 1855-1964 > 6 - Alexander III, Russification And The Treatment Of Ethnic Minorities And Jews > Flashcards

6 - Alexander III, Russification And The Treatment Of Ethnic Minorities And Jews Flashcards

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1
Q

Who succeeded Alexander II? When was he crowned?

A

Alexander III

May 1881

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2
Q

Who was Alexander III advised by? Who was he?

A

Konstantin Pobedonostev

Procurator of the Holy Synod

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3
Q

What did Pobedonostev encourage the Tsar to reassert?

A

Autocracy

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4
Q

What did Alexander III publicly announce?

A

“I am the sole ruler, as only absolute power can safeguard Russia”

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5
Q

What group had 150 people arrested and hanged? Why?

A

People’s Will

Assassinated Alexander II

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6
Q

What happened to the powers of the police? What department was made to supervise the Okhrana?

A

They increased

Department of Police

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7
Q

Who were the Department of Police made responsible to? Why?

A

Ministry of Internal Affairs

So activities could be monitored

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8
Q

Who were also widely used? Who watched these people?

A

Spies

Secret spies

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9
Q

What land rule was put in place in 1882? What could police agents do?

A

Any area could be deemed “subversion”

Arrest, imprison and exile on suspicion

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10
Q

What judicial courts were reintroduced in 1885?

A

Closed courts

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11
Q

What did Alexander III introduce in 1889? Who were they appointed by?

A

Land Captains

Nobility

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12
Q

Who did Land Captains replace? Who could they override?

A

Magistrates

Zemstva

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13
Q

What 2 things could Land Captains overturn?

A

Local court judgements and flogging of peasants

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14
Q

What vote was reduced in 1890?

A

Zemstva peasant vote

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15
Q

Who were removed from office?

A

Outspoken Liberals

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16
Q

Whose creed did Alexander III adopt? What did this mean?

A

Pobedonostev’s “Autocracy, Orthodoxy and Nationality”

Russification

17
Q

What is Russification?

A

Enforcement of Russian language and culture on ethnic minorities

18
Q

What was declared as the first language? What did this mean for the judicial system?

A

Russian

Trials and local government had to be conducted in Russian

19
Q

What was closed to non-fluent Russian speakers?

A

Public office

20
Q

What Church was adherence encouraged for? How many Lutherans converted?

A

Orthodox

37,000

21
Q

What Catholic buildings were closed down? What were non-Orthodox churches not allowed to do?

A

Monasteries

Build new places of worship

22
Q

Who suppressed Russification resistance?

A

The military

23
Q

What 4 nationalities suffered the most?

A

Poles, Finns, Baltic Germans and Ukrainians

24
Q

What was the intention of Russification? What did it intensify? What did it cause?

A

To “unite” the country
National feelings for non-Russians
Opposition groups

25
Q

Which religion suffered most from Russification? How many were living in Russia?

A

Jews

5 million

26
Q

What was ingrained in Russian society? What broke out between 1881-84?

A

Anti-semitism

Jewish pogroms

27
Q

What did authorities not do a lot of? What happened to many Jews? What happened to some Jewish property?

A

Curb anti-semitic violence
Raped or murdered
Destroyed

28
Q

What was passed during Alexander III’s reign to restrict Jews? Where were Jews forced to live?

A

Laws

Ghettos

29
Q

What happened to many Jews? Who were 2 key figures who joined revolutionary groups?

A

Emigrated or expelled

Leon Trotsky and Julius Martov

30
Q

What does Historian Martin Sixsmith say about Alexander III’s intentions towards Russification?

A

“Alexander III wanted to unify the country by turning an empire into a nation”

31
Q

What does Historian Orlando Figes say about Russification’s central aim?

A

“It had always been a central aim to assimilate non-Russian peoples”

32
Q

What does Historian John Gooding say about Jews?

A

“Jews were seen as a particular problem”

A-Level History: Tsarist And Communist Russia - 1855-1964 (38 decks)

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