11 - The Impact Of Industrialisation Flashcards
What did industrialisation help strengthen in Russia? What did it bring about?
Economy
Changes
What new emerson proved detrimental to the Tsarist regime?
Middle and urban working class
What middle class occupations became more prominent in society? Where did many of these people play a role?
Owners, managers, traders and professionals
Zemstva
What was lacking in the middle class that made them opponents to Tsarism? When was this finally established?
Elected national assembly
1906
How did the urban population increase from 1867-1917? Approximately how much of the population were factory workers?
7 to 28 million
10%
What did the urban working class suffer from? What rates were high?
Appalling working and living conditions
Mortality rates
Where did some of the urban working class rent rooms? Where else were they accommodated?
Overcrowded blocks
Barracks
How many rented houses in St Petersburg had no running water? How was sewage collected?
40%
Handcarts
What could employers do due to limited regulation? What did this fail to keep pace with?
Pay minimum wage
Inflation
By 1914, how much of the workforce was compromised by women?
20%
When did an industrial depression hit?
1900-1908
What was officially banned before 1905? How did some strikes take place?
Strikes
Illegally and violently
What 2 provisions were improved by 1914? What did every change lead to?
Education and social welfare
More demand for change
What law was introduced in 1885 which restricted work?
Night-time work was only allowed for men
What legal document had to be drawn up by law in 1886?
Contracts of employment
What employment law was introduced in 1892?
Employment of under 12s and females in labour was banned
How were working hours reduced by a law in 1897?
Working hours were reduced to 11.5
What inspection was expanded by law in 1903?
Factory inspectorate
What unions were made legal by 1905?
Trade unions
What insurance for workers was introduced as a law in 1912?
Sickness and accident insurance
How were factory hours legally reduced in 1914?
Reduced to 10 hours per day
What declined in the years 1910-13? What 2 reasons led to this?
Real wages
Inflation/employers
What miners in 1912 went on strike? Why?
Lena goldfield miners in Siberia
Long hours and poor pay
What did the Lena strikers demand? How many were killed by the army?
Better pay and living conditions
500
How many strikes took place alongside Lena in Russia in 1912? How many in 1913?
2,000
24,000
How many strikes took place in 1914? What took place in July 1914?
Over a million
General strike at St Petersburg
What does Historian Edward Acton say about unused land?
“Unused land was brought under cultivation”
