10 - Industrial And Agricultural Growth And Change Flashcards
What did Witte believe that was essential for a revolution? What continued between 1892 and 1914?
Industrialisation
The drive for growth
Between 1892 and 1914, what rate did the Russian economy grow?
8% per annum
What was raised to encourage foreign loans?
Interest rates
What was introduced in 1897 to increase business confidence? What was this backed by?
New rouble (currency) Gold
How was industrial development funded? What type of industry was prioritised?
Foreign capital
Heavy industry
How many KM of railway track did Russia have by 1914?
62,000
What was the purpose of the Trans-Siberian railway?
To link Russia with the Far East
What stimulated heavy industries? Who was given reduced transport costs and government revenue?
Railway development
Manufacturers
Due to the cost of railways, what did Russia become dependent on?
Foreign investment
What was Russia the 5th largest power of in the world?
Industrial power
How much did Coal increase from 1880-1910?
3.2-25.4 million metric tons
How much did Pig Iron increase from 1880-1910?
0.42-3 million metric tons
How much did Crude Oil increase from 1880-1910?
0.5-12.1 million metric tons
What remained small-scale in the 1890s?
Agriculture
Who was Stolypin in 1906? What did he believe in to prevent peasant unrest?
Minister of the Interior
Agricultural reform
What type of ownership did Stolypin want to increase to create farmer profit?
Individual peasant ownership
Who did Stolypin want to help support the regime of agriculture?
Kulaks and profit-orientated farmers
What system/type of ownership was abolished in November 1906?
Mir
Collective ownership
When were redemption payments abolished? Where could peasants leave?
January 1907
Villages
What could peasants apply for with permission? What would be consolidated?
Consolidation for single farms
Scattered strips of farm
What was newly reformed to fund purchases?
Peasant Land Bank
What was used to encourage settlements in Siberia? What happened to them?
Government subsides
Increased
How much did peasant ownership increase from 1905-1915?
20% to 50%
What was produced that rose annually? What was the Russia the biggest exporter of in 1909?
Grain production
Cereal
Who often bought out poorer peasants to increase the efficiency in farms?
Kulaks
How many peasants moved from an overpopulated Siberia? What was prominently made in the region?
3,500,000
Dairy and cereal
Why did some peasants sell up? What did this boost the supply of?
To move to towns
Industrial labour
By 1914, how much land had successfully been transferred from communal to private ownership?
10%
In 1914, how much of peasant holdings were based on scattered strips? What were peasants reluctant to?
90%
New farming methods
Who lost their land? What did many do afterwards?
Poorer peasants
Factory or seasonal work
What was Siberia like in terms of climate?
Difficult terrain
