22 - War Communism, New Economic Policy And The Five-Year Plans Flashcards
What did Lenin say that “Soviets + Electrification” equals? What did he want to modernise to show this equation worked?
“Communism”
Russia
What type of ownership had Lenin abolished in 1917? What control did he recognise of the workers?
Private ownership
Their control of factories
What did the workers’ control of factories legitimise?
Actions in cities and countrysides
Why did Lenin increase state intervention for the workers? What fell as a result?
They weren’t experienced enough
Production
What did peasants horde under heavy state intervention? Why?
Grain
Fewer industrial goods were for sale
What was a basic human right necessary for the success of the Civil War? What Communism did this begin?
Workers and soldiers were fed
War Communism
Why were Kulaks mostly targeted by requisitioning squads? What kind of “enemies” were they?
They had more grain to extract
“Class enemies”
Where were factories nationalised? What hours were extended?
Cities
Working hours
What was issued to stop workers leaving cities for food?
Internal passports
Who won the Civil War? What did they fail to increase?
Bolsheviks
Factory production
How much had industrial output decreased from 1914-21?
20%
What did peasants resist in countrysides? What did they grow less of?
Food requisitioning
Grain
What did many peasants destroy of their own to survive in countrysides? How many died partially because of this?
Livestock
Millions
What 3 things had spread around the Soviet Union by 1922?
Famine
Disease
Strikes
What revolts were widespread in Russia? What particular revolt was significantly alarming for the government?
Peasant revolts
Kronstadt sailors uprising
How did Lenin appear after suppressing revolts? What did he announce in August 1921?
Shaken
NEP
What requisitioning ended under the NEP? How much grain were peasants taxed on?
Grain requisitioning
20%
What would the state continue to control in its economy? What industry did this involve?
Its “commanding heights”
Heavy industry
What was allowed under the NEP for businesses? What size businesses were only allowed?
Private trade
Small businesses
What was economic recovery in the NEP led by? What was there an end to?
Increase in grain to cities
Unrest and revolts
What class of peasants were revived? What type of men emerged?
Kulaks
“NEPmen”
What production was slow under the NEP? What did peasants hold back as a result of a lack of consumer goods?
Industrial production
Grain
How much did grain procurement increase between 1926-27?
75%
What seizures did Stalin order? What did he believe was a solution to the grain crisis?
Grain seizures
“Large-scale farms of a collective type”
What Plan did Stalin announce in December 1927? Why did he believe the Soviet Union needed modernisation?
“Five-Year Plan”
So it could catch up with the Western world
What did Stalin say about the importance of his Five-Year Plans?
“Either we do it or we shall be crushed”
What did the Soviet Union become under the FYP? How did it plan to defend itself?
Self-sufficient
Building industries
What would the Soviet Union export to pay for machinery? What decree of Stalin’s did this emphasise?
Grain
“Socialism in One Country”
What does Historian Orlando Figes argue about the NEP?
“It was an ill-formated attempt to redefine socialism”
What does Historian J. P. Netting argue about the supply of the Soviet Union during the first FYP?
“During the first FYP, the Soviet Union was abundantly supplied”
What does Historian Edward Acton state about the base of the Soviet Union by 1941?
“The Soviet Union had established a mighty industrial base”
