29 - Wartime: The Economic And Social Impact Flashcards
What city was surrounded by the end of August 1941? Where were German forces on the outskirts of?
Leningrad
Moscow
How much of Russia’s heavy industry was in German hands? What country’s fate was hung in the balance?
50%
Soviet Union
What massive effort was required to halt the Nazi onslaught? What needed to be mobilised?
Military effort
All economic resources
What had the Russian economy been put on a war footing by? What 2 concepts were emphasised in this plan?
FYP
Heavy industry
Armament
What part of the regime was of great value during the war effort? What couldn’t have been achieved without this?
Centralisation
Triumph
What evacuation was one of Russia’s greatest achievements? Who were these people beyond the reach of?
People being evacuated to the Ural mountains
German forces
Where was Russia’s planned economy triumphant? How did Historian Orlando Figes describe the revolution present in Russia?
Ural mountains
“The revolution won the war”
How many factories were moved East or newly built? Who was nearly all industrial production geared to?
Thousands
Military
What 2 things did built railways connect together?
Industrial bases to the war fronts
What 2 reasons were factories placed under martial law?
Labour discipline
Labour productivity
What were 2 reasons harsh punishments were given?
Poor work
Lateness
How many weekly working hours became the norm? What kind of rationing was introduced?
72 hour-weeks
Strict rationing
By what year did Russia’s production exceed Germany?
1943
How many vehicles, planes and tanks did the US provide for Russia? How many million tons of food were provided?
Thousands
5 million tons
What 2 things did prison camp labour produce?
Weaponry
Uniform
To what extreme were prisoners worked? Where was this similar disregard also shown?
Until death
Human lives in the army
What didn’t the military’s strategic aims take into consideration? How many troops died during the war?
Human lives
8.6 million
How many people lost their lives during the war? How did many people die?
25 million
Starvation
How long was Leningrad besieged for? What 3 things were unavailable?
Over 2 years
Heating, lighting and water
How many people died in cities during the winter of 1941-42? What 2 countries does this total exceed during the whole war?
800,000
UK/US combined
What emphasised patriotism in order to drive the invader out of Mother Russia? How did many people respond to this?
Propaganda
They were willing to face extreme hardship
During what time period had many soldiers in the war previously faced harsh conditions? Why were they willing to do this again?
1930s
Hope for a better future
How many collective farmers were women during the war? How would they often pull ploughs?
4/5
By hand
Why were churches allowed to reopen? What did they support the defence of?
To boost morale
“Holy Mother Russia”
What feeling did government propaganda exploit? What memories were invoked by it?
Nationalism
Tsarism
What 2 groups did the war bring together? Who emerged as the nation’s saviour, but more feared than ever?
Government and people
Stalin
What does Historian J. P. Netti say that Stalin thanked the Russian people for?
Stalin “thanked the Russian people for their confidence in their government”
