3 - Alexander's Other Reforms Flashcards
What were 2 reasons for further reform?
Disappointment/Other issues
What type of reform was conscription? Who was it made compulsory for?
Military
All classes
What type of reform was length of service? How was it reduced?
Military
25 to 15 years
What type of reform was welfare improvements? What type of punishment was abolished?
Military
Corporal
What was established to train officers? What was introduced to officers?
Military colleges
Modern weaponry
How could the new army be described after military reform?
Smaller but better-trained
What was reduced after military reform?
Costs
What was improved through army education campaigns?
Literacy
What type of leaders were officers still? What class served less time?
Aristocrats
Upper
What type of reform was rural councils? What was established at district and provincial levels in 1864?
Local government
Zemstva
What type of reform were council elections? How were they elected?
Local government
People, primarily Nobles
What 2 things were the Zemstva given more power to improve? Who did this relieve?
Public services and industry
The poor
What did the Zemstva offer at local level? Who were they dominated by? What did they improve?
Representative government
Nobles and “professionals”
Welfare and education
How could people criticise government policies? What 2 things did they not have control over?
Zemstva forum
Taxation and law
What type of reform was a system of local, provincial and national courts?
Judicial
What type of reform is criminal cases? Who were they heard before?
Judiciary
Barristers and a jury
What type of reform was class judgement before law? How were they treated?
Judiciary
Equally
What happened to judges’ training and pay? What reform is this?
It improved
Judiciary
What happened to the system as a result of judiciary reform? What could a jury undermine? What was an example of this?
Fairer and less corrupt
Government control
Vera Zasulich
What 2 courts continued in Russia after judiciary reform? Where didn’t this apply?
Ecclesiastical and military courts
Poland
What was important for Russia’s modernisation in education? Who led important changes?
Improvements in literacy and numeracy
Liberal Alexander Golovnin
Who took responsibility for primary education? Who was it free for?
Zemstva
All
What type of school was set up at secondary level? Where could students progress to from secondary education?
Vocational schools
University
When did universities become self-governing? What type of courses were offered?
1863
Liberal
What tripled between 1856-1880? How was there an increase in students?
Primary schools
Doubled
What was there a greater selection of at schools? What happened to the number of students at university?
Subjects
Tripled
What was the primary curriculum still based on? What did it offer?
Religion
Reading, writing and arithmetic
How was secondary education limited? Who was it limited to?
It had fees
The better-off
What did more radical students join? What were these committed to?
Opposition movements
Violence
What year did the Military reforms take place? What other reforms also took place that year?
1874
Judiciary
What 2 separate years did Local Government reforms take place?
1864
1870
Between what period did Educational reforms take place?
1863-64
