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A-Level History: Tsarist And Communist Russia - 1855-1964 > 3 - Alexander's Other Reforms > Flashcards

3 - Alexander's Other Reforms Flashcards

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1
Q

What were 2 reasons for further reform?

A

Disappointment/Other issues

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2
Q

What type of reform was conscription? Who was it made compulsory for?

A

Military

All classes

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3
Q

What type of reform was length of service? How was it reduced?

A

Military

25 to 15 years

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4
Q

What type of reform was welfare improvements? What type of punishment was abolished?

A

Military

Corporal

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5
Q

What was established to train officers? What was introduced to officers?

A

Military colleges

Modern weaponry

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6
Q

How could the new army be described after military reform?

A

Smaller but better-trained

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7
Q

What was reduced after military reform?

A

Costs

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8
Q

What was improved through army education campaigns?

A

Literacy

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9
Q

What type of leaders were officers still? What class served less time?

A

Aristocrats

Upper

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10
Q

What type of reform was rural councils? What was established at district and provincial levels in 1864?

A

Local government

Zemstva

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11
Q

What type of reform were council elections? How were they elected?

A

Local government

People, primarily Nobles

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12
Q

What 2 things were the Zemstva given more power to improve? Who did this relieve?

A

Public services and industry

The poor

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13
Q

What did the Zemstva offer at local level? Who were they dominated by? What did they improve?

A

Representative government
Nobles and “professionals”
Welfare and education

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14
Q

How could people criticise government policies? What 2 things did they not have control over?

A

Zemstva forum

Taxation and law

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15
Q

What type of reform was a system of local, provincial and national courts?

A

Judicial

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16
Q

What type of reform is criminal cases? Who were they heard before?

A

Judiciary

Barristers and a jury

17
Q

What type of reform was class judgement before law? How were they treated?

A

Judiciary

Equally

18
Q

What happened to judges’ training and pay? What reform is this?

A

It improved

Judiciary

19
Q

What happened to the system as a result of judiciary reform? What could a jury undermine? What was an example of this?

A

Fairer and less corrupt
Government control
Vera Zasulich

20
Q

What 2 courts continued in Russia after judiciary reform? Where didn’t this apply?

A

Ecclesiastical and military courts

Poland

21
Q

What was important for Russia’s modernisation in education? Who led important changes?

A

Improvements in literacy and numeracy

Liberal Alexander Golovnin

22
Q

Who took responsibility for primary education? Who was it free for?

A

Zemstva

All

23
Q

What type of school was set up at secondary level? Where could students progress to from secondary education?

A

Vocational schools

University

24
Q

When did universities become self-governing? What type of courses were offered?

A

1863

Liberal

25
Q

What tripled between 1856-1880? How was there an increase in students?

A

Primary schools

Doubled

26
Q

What was there a greater selection of at schools? What happened to the number of students at university?

A

Subjects

Tripled

27
Q

What was the primary curriculum still based on? What did it offer?

A

Religion

Reading, writing and arithmetic

28
Q

How was secondary education limited? Who was it limited to?

A

It had fees

The better-off

29
Q

What did more radical students join? What were these committed to?

A

Opposition movements

Violence

30
Q

What year did the Military reforms take place? What other reforms also took place that year?

A

1874

Judiciary

31
Q

What 2 separate years did Local Government reforms take place?

A

1864

1870

32
Q

Between what period did Educational reforms take place?

A

1863-64

A-Level History: Tsarist And Communist Russia - 1855-1964 (38 decks)

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