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Clin Med III > 6B: RLD II > Flashcards

6B: RLD II Flashcards

1
Q

What are some toxins that can lead to reduced lung compliance and volume?

A

Silicosis, BPD, lung cancer, pulmonary fibrosis, inhalation injury, radiation therapy, lobectomy, asbestosis, TB, sarcoidosis

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2
Q

What is pleural effusion?

A

Inflammation and fluid accumulation in the pleural space

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3
Q

What are causes of pleural effusion?

A

Infection, trauma, CHF, cirrhosis, pericardial disease that alters V/Q mismatch

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4
Q

What is the pathophysiology of the effects of pleural effusion?

A

Fluid and inflammation put pressure on the lungs and decrease the ability to inflate

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5
Q

What happens to lung volumes with pleural effusion?

A

Decrease

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6
Q

What happens to activity tolerance with pleural effusion?

A

Decrease

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7
Q

Is there pain associated with pleural effusion?

A

May have pain with inspiration

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8
Q

What are the four symptoms of pleural effusion?

A
  1. SOB and difficulty with deep breathing
  2. Decreased expansion on x-ray
  3. Bronchial or decreased breath sounds
  4. Decreased activity tolerance
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9
Q

What are the five causes of pulmonary edema?

A
  1. Increased pulmonary capillary pressure
  2. Increased negativity or interstitial pressure
  3. Altered alveolar/capillary membrane permeability
  4. Lymphatic insufficiency
  5. Unknown
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10
Q

How does fluid build up and cause edema?

A

Factors cause fluid to leak from the pulmonary and lymphatic system interstitially and into the alveoli

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11
Q

What does the build up of interstitial fluid cause?

A

Creates a barrier that makes gas exchange between the capillaries and the alveoli difficult

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12
Q

What is the effect of pulmonary edema on the heart?

A

Heart has to work much harder to gain sufficient levels of oxygen

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13
Q

Are O2 or CO2 levels affected more by pulmonary edema, and why?

A

O2 levels because CO2 is more soluble

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14
Q

What are key symptoms of pulmonary edema?

A
  • SOB
  • Increased RR
  • Decreased lung volumes
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15
Q

What happens to PaO2 with pulmonary edema?

A

Decreased due to the V/Q mismatch

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16
Q

What will you see on x-ray with pulmonary edema?

A

Fluid accumulation

17
Q

What heart symptoms will someone with pulmonary edema present with?

A

Signs of CHF

18
Q

When auscultating, what sounds might you hear if someone has pulmonary edema?

A

Crackles or rhonchi

19
Q

ARDS is the result of what?

A

Trauma, aspiration, overdose, inhaled toxin, shock, metabolic reasons, severe infection

20
Q

What happens with ARDS?

A

Fluid fills in the alveoli

21
Q

What are the five pulmonary effects of ARDS?

A
  1. Decreased lung volume
  2. Increased work of breathing
  3. Decreased surfactant
  4. Decreased breath sounds
  5. Wheezes or rhonchi
22
Q

What are the three pulmonary effects of COVID?

A
  1. Fluid leaks into alveoli
  2. Inflammation of bronchial walls
  3. Fluid blocks smaller airways
23
Q

What are the pulmonary symptoms of COVID?

A
  • SOB and difficulty breathing
  • Fluid in lungs
  • Dry cough and sore throat
24
Q

What will a chest x-ray look like with COVID?

A

Ground glass

25
Q

What would require intubation with COVID?

A

Severe presentation, cytokine storm

26
Q

What is the effect of rib fractures on the pulmonary system?

A
  • Decreased respiratory depth
  • Muscular splinting
  • Decreased chest wall motion
27
Q

What is a lung contusion?

A

Localized damage causing RBC and plasma to move into the alveoli that results in V/Q mismatch

28
Q

What are the three clinical sings of rib fractures?

A
  1. Decreased rib excursion and lung volumes
  2. Pain with inspiration, weak cough
  3. Decreased breath sounds and ventilation
29
Q

What clinical signs indicate are present with lung contusion?

A
  • Decreased lung volumes
  • Decreased breath sounds
  • Poor ventilation, possibly visible clotted area on x-ray
30
Q

What are interventions for lung contusion?

A
  • Ventilation
  • Deep breathing and positioning to increase PO2
  • Mobility
  • Observation of fluid volumes
31
Q

What is atelectasis?

A

Air sac collapse, partial lung collapse

32
Q

What happens with V/Q in the lung segment with atelectasis?

A

Decreased

33
Q

What are some causes of atelectasis?

A

Phrenic nerve injury, SCI, post-surgical, trauma, muscular and bony changes

34
Q

What are the five signs of atelectasis?

A
  1. Decreased breath sounds
  2. Decreased lung ventilation
  3. SOB
  4. Decreased rib excursion
  5. Decreased activity tolerance

Clin Med III (18 decks)

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