1A: Cardiac Anatomy and Function

Question 1

What three factors assist the force of contraction?

Answer 1

1. Arterial recoil during diastole
2. Skeletal compression of veins during exercise
3. Negative thoracic pressure during inspiration

Question 2

What are the four layers of cardiac tissue?

Answer 2

1. Endocardium
2. Myocardium
3. Epicardium
4. Pericardium

Question 3

What is the endocardium composed of?

Answer 3

Endothelial tissue

Question 4

What is the myocardium composed of?

Answer 4

Striated muscle fibers

Question 5

What is the epicardium composed of?

Answer 5

Connective tissue

Question 6

What is the pericardium composed of?

Answer 6

Fibrous sac

Question 7

What are the four valves of the heart?

Answer 7

1. Aortic
2. Pulmonic
3. Tricuspid
4. Mitral

Question 8

What is the foramen ovale?

Answer 8

Hole that normally closes in neonatal period and becomes a sulcus in the interseptal wall

Question 9

What are the two main types of valvular dysfunction?

Answer 9

1. Stenosis
2. Insufficiency

Question 10

What is stenosis?

Answer 10

Valve is narrowed, stiff, or rigid making it difficult to open

Question 11

What does stenosis result in?

Answer 11

Hypertrophy of the muscles that the chamber is trying to empty

Question 12

What is insufficiency?

Answer 12

Loss of patency, meaning that the valve does not fully close

Question 13

What does insufficiency result in?

Answer 13

Dilation of the chamber that is trying to empty

Question 14

What type of valvular dysfunction impairs cardiac output?

Answer 14

Both stenosis and insufficiency

Question 15

What is the formula for cardiac output?

Answer 15

CO = stroke volume x HR

Question 16

What does the right coronary artery (RCA) supply?

Answer 16

1. Right atrium and ventricle
2. SA node (55% of people)
3. AV node and Bundle of His

Question 17

What does the left coronary artery (LCA) branch off into?

Answer 17

1. Left anterior descending
2. Left circumflex

Question 18

What is considered to be the most important coronary artery?

Answer 18

Left anterior descending (LAD)

Question 19

What does the left anterior descending (LAD) artery supply?

Answer 19

1. Left ventricle (part of the right)
2. Interventricular septum
3. Apex of both ventricles

Question 20

What does the left circumflex (Lcx) artery supply?

Answer 20

1. Left ventricle
2. Left atrium - posterior
3. SA node (45% of people)

Question 21

What is the name for weeks 1-4 of pulmonary development?

Answer 21

Embryonic period

Question 22

What pulmonary structures are developed during the embryonic period?

Answer 22

Larynx, trachea lung buds, bronchial buds

Question 23

What is the name for weeks 5-17 of pulmonary development?

Answer 23

Pseudoglandular period

Question 24

What pulmonary structures are developed during the pseudoglandular period?

Answer 24

Secondary bronchi and bronchopulmonary segments

Question 25

What is the name for weeks 16-25 of pulmonary development?

Answer 25

Canalicular period

Question 26

What pulmonary structures are developed during the canalicular period?

Answer 26

Terminal and respiratory bronchioles

Question 27

What is the name for weeks 26+ of pulmonary development?

Answer 27

Terminal sac period

Question 28

What pulmonary structures are developed during the terminal sac period?

Answer 28

Pulmonary alveoli and type II alveolar cells to produce surfactant

Question 29

What is the action of the pulmonary system during birth?

Answer 29

Push fluid out and expand alveoli with the first few breaths

Question 30

What pulmonary development occurs in years 0-4 of development?

Answer 30

Increase in number of alveoli and VC