4B: Pulmonary Risk Factors

Question 1

Where does pulmonary circulation begin?

Answer 1

Pulmonary arteries then quickly branches through several generations and ending in a dense capillary network

Question 2

Where does gas exchange occur?

Answer 2

Capillary network

Question 3

How does oxygenated blood return to the heart?

Answer 3

Pulmonary veins

Question 4

What is the typical pulmonary diastolic pressure?

Answer 4

5-15 mmHg

Question 5

Describe the walls of capillaries

Answer 5

Thin so that they can easily distend as they need to

Question 6

What drains excess interstitial fluid?

Answer 6

Lymphatic circulation

Question 7

What is the carina?

Answer 7

Bifurcation of the trachea - cough center

Question 8

What are the three zones of the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 8

1. Conducting
2. Transitional
3. Respiratory

Question 9

What occurs in the conducting zone of the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 9

Gas is transported

Question 10

What occurs in the transitional zone of the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 10

Both gas transport and gas exchange

Question 11

What occurs in the respiratory zone of the lower respiratory tract?

Answer 11

Gas exchange

Question 12

How many alveoli do normal adults have?

Answer 12

300 million

Question 13

What type of cells are found in the alveolar epithelium?

Answer 13

Type I: thin and broad

Question 14

What are Type II cells?

Answer 14

Produce surfactant to create surface tension and allow the alveoli to stay open

Question 15

What is the function on wandering macrophages in the alveoli?

Answer 15

Infection control

Question 16

What is the function of Kahn’s Pores and Lambert Canals in alveoli?

Answer 16

Collateral alveolar ventilation

Question 17

What are the two types of pulmonary hygiene?

Answer 17

Mechanical and metabolic

Question 18

Describe mechanical pulmonary hygiene

Answer 18

Mucociliary escalator, sputum, pushes anything out of airway by coughing

Question 19

Describe metabolic pulmonary hygiene

Answer 19

Wandering macrophages within the alveoli clear infections and foreign substances

Question 20

What happens when the diaphragm and accessory muscles contract?

Answer 20

Thoracic cavity pressure decreases below atmospheric and air rushes into the lungs, requires energy

Question 21

What happens when the diaphragm and accessory muscles relax?

Answer 21

Thoracic pressure returns to normal and air leaves the lungs – thoracic recoil

Question 22

What are the five ways smoking impairs the lungs?

Answer 22

1. Depressed cough reflex
2. Impaired resistance to infection
3. Small and medium airway disease
4. Impaired mucocilary action
5. Increase mucous production

Question 23

What happens to the lungs with age?

Answer 23

Less elastic lung tissue can lead to more settling of fluid, microorganisms, and other substances which can lead to higher rates of infection, especially pneumonia

Question 24

What are environmental risk factors for pulmonary disease?

Answer 24

Air contaminants and second-hand smoke

Question 25

How does obesity affect the pulmonary system?

Answer 25

Greater stress on the system with movement, risk of PE, increased pulmonary artery stiffness and possibly pulmonary artery HTN