4B: Pulmonary Risk Factors Flashcards
Where does pulmonary circulation begin?
Pulmonary arteries then quickly branches through several generations and ending in a dense capillary network
Where does gas exchange occur?
Capillary network
How does oxygenated blood return to the heart?
Pulmonary veins
What is the typical pulmonary diastolic pressure?
5-15 mmHg
Describe the walls of capillaries
Thin so that they can easily distend as they need to
What drains excess interstitial fluid?
Lymphatic circulation
What is the carina?
Bifurcation of the trachea - cough center
What are the three zones of the lower respiratory tract?
- Conducting
- Transitional
- Respiratory
What occurs in the conducting zone of the lower respiratory tract?
Gas is transported
What occurs in the transitional zone of the lower respiratory tract?
Both gas transport and gas exchange
What occurs in the respiratory zone of the lower respiratory tract?
Gas exchange
How many alveoli do normal adults have?
300 million
What type of cells are found in the alveolar epithelium?
Type I: thin and broad
What are Type II cells?
Produce surfactant to create surface tension and allow the alveoli to stay open
What is the function on wandering macrophages in the alveoli?
Infection control
What is the function of Kahn’s Pores and Lambert Canals in alveoli?
Collateral alveolar ventilation
What are the two types of pulmonary hygiene?
Mechanical and metabolic
Describe mechanical pulmonary hygiene
Mucociliary escalator, sputum, pushes anything out of airway by coughing
Describe metabolic pulmonary hygiene
Wandering macrophages within the alveoli clear infections and foreign substances
What happens when the diaphragm and accessory muscles contract?
Thoracic cavity pressure decreases below atmospheric and air rushes into the lungs, requires energy
What happens when the diaphragm and accessory muscles relax?
Thoracic pressure returns to normal and air leaves the lungs – thoracic recoil
What are the five ways smoking impairs the lungs?
- Depressed cough reflex
- Impaired resistance to infection
- Small and medium airway disease
- Impaired mucocilary action
- Increase mucous production
What happens to the lungs with age?
Less elastic lung tissue can lead to more settling of fluid, microorganisms, and other substances which can lead to higher rates of infection, especially pneumonia
What are environmental risk factors for pulmonary disease?
Air contaminants and second-hand smoke
How does obesity affect the pulmonary system?
Greater stress on the system with movement, risk of PE, increased pulmonary artery stiffness and possibly pulmonary artery HTN
