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Clin Med III - Exam 1 > 6A: RLD I > Flashcards

6A: RLD I Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary impairment with all restrictive disorders?

A

Ventilatory pump

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2
Q

What is decreased compliance?

A

Lungs and rib cage cannot expand as much, so it takes more pressure to expand the lung

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3
Q

What happens to pulmonary ventilation with RLD, and what does it cause?

A

Pulmonary ventilation is reduced which results in diminished inspiratory reserve volume

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4
Q

What mechanical changes happen with RLD?

A

Decreased chest wall motion and impaired diaphragm motion

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5
Q

What happens to breathing with RLD?

A

Increased work, will present as labored breathing

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6
Q

What are the two primary symptoms of RLD?

A

SOB and dyspnea

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7
Q

Why will people with RDL present with weight loss?

A

There is increased energy costs due to the increased work of breathing

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8
Q

What is cachexia?

A

Wasting appearance usually in cheeks and around the rib cage

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9
Q

What is a pneumothorax?

A

Air in the pleural cavity, causes lung to collapse

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10
Q

What are the three types of pneumothorax?

A
  1. Spontaneous
  2. Traumatic
  3. Iatrogenic
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11
Q

What is an iatrogenic pneumothorax?

A

Lung collapse as a complication from diagnostic testing or surgery where there is increased pressure in the thoracic cage

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12
Q

What are the three consequences of pneumothorax?

A
  1. Increased RR
  2. Decreased volumes
  3. Hypoxemia
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13
Q

What is an open pneumothorax?

A

Air is able to enter and leave the cavity

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14
Q

What impairments are associated with an open pneumothorax?

A

Impairments with pressure in the cavity and the lung

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15
Q

Which condition is more serious, an open or tension pneumothorax?

A

Tension - is life threatening

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16
Q

What is a tension pneumothorax?

A

Air enters the cavity but cannot leave, so the trapped air puts pressure on the outside of the lungs and does not allow them to expand

17
Q

What physical changes happen with a tension pneumothorax?

A

Pressure causes collapse and pushes the mediastinum to the contralateral side

18
Q

What are the four sings of pneumothorax?

A
  1. Acute SOB
  2. Pleuritic chest pain unilaterally
  3. Increased RR
  4. If trauma, can hear air entering and leaving
19
Q

What RLD effects can anesthesia, drug OD, or head injury cause?

A

Decreased RR and depth

20
Q

What happens to lung volumes as a result of anesthesia, drug OD, or head injury?

A

Decrease in all inspiratory volumes

21
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of RLD due to anesthesia, drug OD, or head injury?

A

Decreased endurance, dizziness, confusion, SOB, difficulty taking a deep breath

22
Q

What are the two categories of decreased chest wall compliance?

A
  1. Muscular
  2. Bony thorax
23
Q

What are some conditions that can lead to muscular changes leading to decreased compliance?

A

Muscular dystrophy, ALS, SCI, Guillain Barre, Polio, MS

24
Q

Injury to what nerve can cause muscular changes resulting in decreased compliance?

A

Phrenic - diaphragm

25
Q

What is the results of muscular changes and decreased compliance?

A

Decreased ability to take a deep breath, hold upright posture, cough, clear fluids

26
Q

What happens to lung volumes with muscular weakness?

A

Decreased TV, RV, IRV, TLC

27
Q

What muscles atrophy with RLD due to muscular weakness?

A

Both the trunk and accessory muscles

28
Q

What postural changes can happen with RLD due to muscular weakness?

A

Mostly flexion that will also have a lateral or rotary component

29
Q

What are the clinical signs of RLD due to muscular weakness?

A

Decreased breath sounds and cough, may hear crackles or rales, decreased endurance

30
Q

What are examples of bony thorax changes leading to RLD?

A

Kyphoscoliosis, pectus excavatum, pectus carinatum, rib fractures, flail chest, scarring from burns

31
Q

What is the effect of bony thorax changes?

A

Decreased chest wall motion that causes decreased ability for fill inspiration

32
Q

What is the effect of pain due to bony thorax changes?

A

Decreased ability to clear secretions with an effective cough

33
Q

What happens to lung volumes with bony changes?

A

Decrease

34
Q

What are the clinical signs of RLD due to bony changes?

A
  • Decreased breath sounds and cough
  • Crackles and rales
  • Decreased endurance
  • Pain with rib fractures or scarring
  • Postural changes

Clin Med III - Exam 1 (21 decks)

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