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Clin Med III > 1C: Cardiac Pathologies I > Flashcards

1C: Cardiac Pathologies I Flashcards

1
Q

What is pericardial effusion?

A

Fluid fills the pericardial sac that keeps the heart from contracting

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2
Q

What can cause pericardial effusion?

A

Inflammatory reaction or traumatic

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3
Q

What can excessive pericardial effusion lead to?

A

Cardiac taponade

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4
Q

Cardiac tamponade is a precursor to what?

A

Cardiac arrest

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5
Q

What is cardiac tamponade characterized by?

A
  1. Elevated by intracardiac pressures
  2. Progressively limited ventricular diastolic filling
  3. Reduced stroke volume
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6
Q

Describe the process of cardiac tamponade

A

The increased pressure on the outside of the heart causes the internal pressure to get high. HR increases as a response which decreases filling time, which leads to decreased stroke volume

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7
Q

When is cardiac tamponade always a concern?

A

Following direct chest-sternal trauma, acute trauma

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8
Q

Describe congenital heart problems

A

Generally related to malformation of fetal heart or failure of fetal circulation communication to close

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9
Q

What are the two categories of congenital heart problems?

A

Cyanotic and acyanotic

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10
Q

What does cyanotic mean?

A

Condition that causes problems with oxygenation

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11
Q

What does acyanotic mean?

A

Condition that does not cause problems with oxygenation

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12
Q

What happens to the heart with age?

A

Inherent loss of ejection fraction

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13
Q

What do most cardiac problems in the elderly relate to?

A

Specific acquired disease pathology

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14
Q

What is the definition of CAD?

A

Clinical signs and symptoms of myocardial ischemia

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15
Q

What is the most common etiology of CAD?

A

Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries

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16
Q

How does atherosclerosis occur?

A

The endothelium gets damaged and the typical healing process creates a blockage where lipids and cholesterol get stuck

17
Q

What are risk factors of CAD?

A

Age, gender, hereditary, smoking, HTN, obesity, sedentary lifestyle, hypercholesterolemia, hyperlipidemia, DM, diet, anxiety

18
Q

What is the most prevalent disease in the US?

A

CAD

19
Q

Where is the initial damage with atherosclerosis?

A

Endothelium

20
Q

What concept is show in the image?

A

Atherosclerosis progression

21
Q

What % of people with CAD die within one hour of acute MI?

A

20-25%

22
Q

What can acute ischemia lead to?

A

Ventricular fibrillation and cardiac death due to lack of oxygen

23
Q

What interventions can improve the outcome with acute onset MI?

A

Immediate CPR and ER intervention with anticoagulation

24
Q

What is the key to improvements in CAD outcome?

A

Early diagnosis and prevention through lifestyle and risk factor intervenetion

25
Q

What is angina?

A

Symptoms as the result of ischemia

26
Q

What are the seven main symptoms associated with angina?

A
  1. Fatigue
  2. Chest pain
  3. Chest pressure
  4. Shortness of breath
  5. Radiating pain
  6. Jaw pain
  7. Stomach pain or indigestion
27
Q

Describe chronic, stable angina

A

Exercise induced symptoms where HR reaches a threshold where it can no longer meet O2 demands of myocardium

28
Q

What medication is used to manage stable angina, and what is it’s mechanism?

A

Nitroglycerin - arterial vasodilation

29
Q

What is a common side effect of using nitroglycerin as a rescue med?

A

Ischemic headache

30
Q

What is unstable angina?

A

Where symptoms come on at variable times including at rest

31
Q

What is indicated if a pt is progressing from stable to unstable angina?

A

Prompt medical attention for reassessment of medical and surgical management due to condition worsening

32
Q

What are the three factors that contribute to unstable angina?

A
  1. Vasoconstriction
  2. Plaque progression
  3. Irregularities

Clin Med III (18 decks)

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