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Biology SBI4U1 > 6.4 Kahoot - exam > Flashcards

6.4 Kahoot - exam Flashcards

1
Q

what are housekeeping genes

A

genes that are switched on all the time

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2
Q

another name for housekeeping genes is

A

constitutive genes

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3
Q

what is gene regulation

A

turning on and off genes

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4
Q

3 main levels of Gene Expression in prokaryotes

A
  • post-translational control
  • translational control
  • transcriptional control
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5
Q

which level of Gene regulation is most common

A

transcription

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6
Q

what is an operon

A

a cluster of genes under the control of a promoter

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7
Q

operons are only found in…

A

prokaryotes

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8
Q

what is the purpose of a promoter region in transcription

A

binding sites for RNA polymerase

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9
Q

what is the function of the operator in an operon

A

it is the binding sites for the active repressor

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10
Q

what is the function of a repressor protein

A

turn off operons

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11
Q

where does a repressor protein bind

A

the operator region

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12
Q

inducible operons are turned ____ by default and need to be turned ____

A

are turned off by default and need to be turned on

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13
Q

inducible operons can be expressed by

A

removing the repressor from the operator

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14
Q

example of an inducible operon

A

lac operon

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15
Q

component of the lac operon

A
  • structural genes
  • the operator
  • lac promoter
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16
Q

function of lac operon

A

to allow e. coli to digest lactose - makes lactase

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17
Q

what happens to the lac operon when no lactose is present

A

no transcription

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18
Q

what is an inducer

A

a protein that de-activates a repressor protein

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19
Q

in the lac operon, what causes the repressor to detach from the operon

A

lactose binds to the receptor causing it to detach

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20
Q

the repressor for the lac operon is ______ if lactose is present

A

inactive

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21
Q

for the lac operon, if lactose is absent then

A

repressor will bind to the operator and ultimately not breakdown lactose

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22
Q

for the lac operon if lactose is present then

A

the operon will be on

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23
Q

for the lac operon, lactose is the _____

A

inducer

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24
Q

what is catabolite activator protein (CAP)

A

A stimulator protein that makes transcription go faster

25
what must bind to the catabolite activator binding sites to increase transcription
CAP
26
how does the binding of CAP protein to the CAP site enhance transcription
it helps RNA polymerase bind to promoter
27
repressible operons
are usually turned on but can be turned off
28
an example of repressible operon
Trp operon
29
what is the purpose of trp operon
to make trytophan
30
when lots of tryptophan is present in a cell the trp operon is
repressed (OFF)
31
for the trp operon, trytophan is the _______
corepressor
32
the trp operon codes for enzyme that makes trytophan. How does tryptophan level influence trp expression
high levels of tryptophan leads to repression of the trp operon
33
how does tryptophan affect the repressor protein
- the shape of the repressor protein will change - it will bind to the operator - it will help prevent RNA polymerase from binding to the promoter - it will bind to the operator
34
example of pre-transcriptional control in eukaryotes
chromatin accessibility
35
what is the term used for chromatin that is condensed
heterochromatin
36
for transcription to occur, what configuration must DNA be in
euchromatin
37
what is a type of DNA modification that makes it densely packed
methylation
38
function of transcription factors
Regulates gene expression by activating RNA polymerase
39
what are transcription factors
proteins that initiate and regulate the transcription of other genes
40
enhancer regions are sections of ___--
DNA
41
enhancer regions binds to what
activator proteins
42
post-transcriptional control includes...
- control of RNA splicing of introns - control of RNA stability at its ends - control of RNA shuttling out of nucleus
43
describe RNA interference
small segments of RNA bind to mRNA that prevents translation
44
what happens during RNA interference
miRNA/siRNAs prevent translation by binding and degrading mRNA
45
when miRNA./siRNA binds to mRNA, it forms...
RISC (RNA induced silencing complex
46
translational control involves...
the deterioration of mRNA
47
what is deadenylation
shortening of the 3' poly-A tail
48
how does removing the poly-A tail (deadenylation) affect mRNA stability
it makes mRNA vulnerable to degradation by cellular enzymes
49
exoribonuclease function
degrades mRNA in cytoplasm that is missing cap and tail
50
post-translational modification of an amino acid chain
- methylation - acetylation - phosphorylation
51
what post-translational modification of an amino acid chain targets it for degradation
ubiquitination
52
what is epigenetics
change in gene activity without changes to genetic code
53
t/f epigenetic changes are reversible
true
54
a common epigenetic modification of DNA
methylation
55
how is infant DNA different than DNA of the elderly
higher methylated
56
what can epigenetics screening be useful for
detecting abnormal gene expression
57
what environmental factors can affect epigenetics affects unborn babies
- maternal drug use - maternal stress - maternal nutrition
58
t/f epigenetic changes and epigenetic markers can be passed on through generations
t

Biology SBI4U1 (42 decks)

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