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Biology SBI4U1 > 6.4 Kahoot - exam > Flashcards

6.4 Kahoot - exam Flashcards

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1
Q

what are housekeeping genes

A

genes that are switched on all the time

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2
Q

another name for housekeeping genes is

A

constitutive genes

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3
Q

what is gene regulation

A

turning on and off genes

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4
Q

3 main levels of Gene Expression in prokaryotes

A
  • post-translational control
  • translational control
  • transcriptional control
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5
Q

which level of Gene regulation is most common

A

transcription

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6
Q

what is an operon

A

a cluster of genes under the control of a promoter

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7
Q

operons are only found in…

A

prokaryotes

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8
Q

what is the purpose of a promoter region in transcription

A

binding sites for RNA polymerase

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9
Q

what is the function of the operator in an operon

A

it is the binding sites for the active repressor

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10
Q

what is the function of a repressor protein

A

turn off operons

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11
Q

where does a repressor protein bind

A

the operator region

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12
Q

inducible operons are turned ____ by default and need to be turned ____

A

are turned off by default and need to be turned on

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13
Q

inducible operons can be expressed by

A

removing the repressor from the operator

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14
Q

example of an inducible operon

A

lac operon

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15
Q

component of the lac operon

A
  • structural genes
  • the operator
  • lac promoter
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16
Q

function of lac operon

A

to allow e. coli to digest lactose - makes lactase

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17
Q

what happens to the lac operon when no lactose is present

A

no transcription

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18
Q

what is an inducer

A

a protein that de-activates a repressor protein

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19
Q

in the lac operon, what causes the repressor to detach from the operon

A

lactose binds to the receptor causing it to detach

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20
Q

the repressor for the lac operon is ______ if lactose is present

A

inactive

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21
Q

for the lac operon, if lactose is absent then

A

repressor will bind to the operator and ultimately not breakdown lactose

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22
Q

for the lac operon if lactose is present then

A

the operon will be on

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23
Q

for the lac operon, lactose is the _____

A

inducer

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24
Q

what is catabolite activator protein (CAP)

A

A stimulator protein that makes transcription go faster

25
Q

what must bind to the catabolite activator binding sites to increase transcription

A

CAP

26
Q

how does the binding of CAP protein to the CAP site enhance transcription

A

it helps RNA polymerase bind to promoter

27
Q

repressible operons

A

are usually turned on but can be turned off

28
Q

an example of repressible operon

A

Trp operon

29
Q

what is the purpose of trp operon

A

to make trytophan

30
Q

when lots of tryptophan is present in a cell the trp operon is

A

repressed (OFF)

31
Q

for the trp operon, trytophan is the _______

A

corepressor

32
Q

the trp operon codes for enzyme that makes trytophan. How does tryptophan level influence trp expression

A

high levels of tryptophan leads to repression of the trp operon

33
Q

how does tryptophan affect the repressor protein

A
  • the shape of the repressor protein will change
  • it will bind to the operator
  • it will help prevent RNA polymerase from binding to the promoter
  • it will bind to the operator
34
Q

example of pre-transcriptional control in eukaryotes

A

chromatin accessibility

35
Q

what is the term used for chromatin that is condensed

A

heterochromatin

36
Q

for transcription to occur, what configuration must DNA be in

A

euchromatin

37
Q

what is a type of DNA modification that makes it densely packed

A

methylation

38
Q

function of transcription factors

A

Regulates gene expression by activating RNA polymerase

39
Q

what are transcription factors

A

proteins that initiate and regulate the transcription of other genes

40
Q

enhancer regions are sections of ___–

A

DNA

41
Q

enhancer regions binds to what

A

activator proteins

42
Q

post-transcriptional control includes…

A
  • control of RNA splicing of introns
  • control of RNA stability at its ends
  • control of RNA shuttling out of nucleus
43
Q

describe RNA interference

A

small segments of RNA bind to mRNA that prevents translation

44
Q

what happens during RNA interference

A

miRNA/siRNAs prevent translation by binding and degrading mRNA

45
Q

when miRNA./siRNA binds to mRNA, it forms…

A

RISC (RNA induced silencing complex

46
Q

translational control involves…

A

the deterioration of mRNA

47
Q

what is deadenylation

A

shortening of the 3’ poly-A tail

48
Q

how does removing the poly-A tail (deadenylation) affect mRNA stability

A

it makes mRNA vulnerable to degradation by cellular enzymes

49
Q

exoribonuclease function

A

degrades mRNA in cytoplasm that is missing cap and tail

50
Q

post-translational modification of an amino acid chain

A
  • methylation
  • acetylation
  • phosphorylation
51
Q

what post-translational modification of an amino acid chain targets it for degradation

A

ubiquitination

52
Q

what is epigenetics

A

change in gene activity without changes to genetic code

53
Q

t/f epigenetic changes are reversible

A

true

54
Q

a common epigenetic modification of DNA

A

methylation

55
Q

how is infant DNA different than DNA of the elderly

A

higher methylated

56
Q

what can epigenetics screening be useful for

A

detecting abnormal gene expression

57
Q

what environmental factors can affect epigenetics affects unborn babies

A
  • maternal drug use
  • maternal stress
  • maternal nutrition
58
Q

t/f epigenetic changes and epigenetic markers can be passed on through generations

A

t

Biology SBI4U1 (42 decks)

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