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Biology SBI4U1 > 6.1 - 6.3 Kahoot - exam > Flashcards

6.1 - 6.3 Kahoot - exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Other than proteins, what molecules can genes code for?

A

functional RNA

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2
Q

How is a DNA nucleotide different from a RNA nucleotide?

A

Both the pentose sugar and one of the nitrogenous bases

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3
Q

Why is the genetic code considered to be Universal?

A

Each codon codes for the same amino acid in every organism

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4
Q

What does it mean that the genetic code is redundant?

A

may have several codons for a single amino acid

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5
Q

What is a Codon?

A

it is a sequence of three bases that codes for an amino acid

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6
Q

What is transcription?

A

the process of making mRNA from DNA in the nucleus

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7
Q

What is Translation?

A

mRNA transforms a protein at the ribosomes

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8
Q

What is another term used to describe the coding region of DNA?

A

gene

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9
Q

In Eukaryotic DNA, what is the non-coding relative sequences at the end of the DNA

A

telomeres

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10
Q

DNA is comprised of coding and non coding regions. What are Introns?

A

DNA that does not have code for proteins

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11
Q

What percent of human DNA is composed of non-coding regions?

A

99%

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12
Q

What is one role of the non-coding DNA in the genome?

A

Regulates transcription (ie. promotors)

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13
Q

TRUE/FALSE: All RNA molecules code for a protein product.

A

False

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14
Q

In order, what are the 3 stages of Transcription?

A

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

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15
Q

The antisense strand is also known as

A

Template strand

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16
Q

The sense strand is also known as the …

A

coding strand

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17
Q

Which DNA strand is used to make RNA transcript?

A

antisense

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18
Q

What enzyme is responsible for making RNA from DNA?

A

RNA polymerase

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19
Q

What sequence of DNA is required for RNA polymerase to bind and begin transcription?

A

promoter

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20
Q

Where is the promoter region found?

A

a region of DNA to the 5’ end (upstream) of the first exon

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21
Q

a region of DNA to the 5’ end (upstream) of the first exon

A

less hydrogen bonding

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22
Q

What enzyme unwinds the strand of DNA necessary for RNA transcription?

A

RNA Polymerase

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23
Q

In what direction does RNA polymerase add nucleotides?

A

5’ to 3’

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24
Q

A terminator sequence codes for:

A

the end of transcription

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25
Q

What does a terminator sequence do?

A

Releases the RNA polymerase and RNA transcript from the template strand

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26
Q

in Eukaryotes, what are the two names used for the RNA that is released from the RNA polymerase? (select both!)

A
  1. precursor mRNA
  2. primary transcript
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27
Q

TRUE/FALSE: RNA modification occurs in only prokaryotes.

A

False

28
Q

modifications of precursor mRNA in Eukaryotes?

A
  • Addition of poly-A tail
  • removal of introns
  • addition of 5’ cap
29
Q

TRUE/FALSE: The 5’ cap added to the primary transcript is a modified cytosine nucleotide.

A

false

30
Q

sfunctions of the 5’ cap added in RNA processing?

A
  • site of attachment of ribosome
  • protect mRNA from degradation
  • helps mRNA leave nucleus
31
Q

best descriptions the function of poly-A tails for eukaryotic mRNA?

A

They have a protective role against degradation

32
Q

Introns ________ and exons _________.

A

are noncoding regions of DNA, are coding regions

33
Q

The joining of exons after the removal of introns from the primary mRNA transcript is known as?

A

RNA Splicing

34
Q

What is a snRNP?

A

small nuclear RNA & proteins

35
Q

snRNPs are important for:

A

removal of introns

36
Q

What is the name of the enzyme that removes the introns and splices the exons together?

A

Spliceosomes

37
Q

What is alternative splicing?

A

splicing of RNA can occur more than one way to produce different products

38
Q

what is the type of rna that brings amino acids into the ribosome

A

tRNA

39
Q

the structure of tRNA appears like a

A

clover leaf

40
Q

the stem-loop structure of tRNA is associate with which important functional regions

A

anti-codon site

40
Q

how many stem loops does tRNA have

A

3

41
Q

the nitrogenous bases on tRNA that code for its amino acid are called

A

anticodon

42
Q

where is the acceptor stem located on tRNA

A

3’ end

43
Q

what is the purpose of the acceptor stem on tRNA

A

to bond to a specific amino acid

44
Q

what direction is the anticodon read in

A

3’ to 5’

45
Q

what is the process of adding an amino acid to tRNA called

A

aminoacylation

46
Q

what enzyme joins tRNA and amino acid together

A

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

47
Q

what is tRNA called when there is an amino acid attached to it

A

aminoacyl tRNA

48
Q

this type of RNA contains codon

A

mRNA

49
Q

what is the anticodon to the codon 5’ - GUA - 3’

A

CAU

50
Q

t/f each ribosome has four parts

A

false

51
Q

what are polyribosomes

A

a group of ribosomes reading a single mRNA simultaneously

52
Q

during translation list the parts that are used in the translation initiation complex

A
  • mRNA
  • tRNA
  • small subunit of ribosome
53
Q

what amino acid does the start codon code for

A

methionine

54
Q

correct order of translation initiation

A
  1. tRNA binds to small ribosomal subunit
  2. 5’ cap of mRNA loads onto small ribosome
  3. tRNA/sm ribosome move along mRNA looking for start codon (AUG)
  4. large ribosome binds
55
Q

what are the 3 tRNA binding sites on a ribosome

A

A P E

56
Q

Where does an aminoacyl-tRNA enter a ribosome during the elongation stage of protein synthesis?

A

A site

57
Q

What occurs at the P site of the ribosome?

A

the tRNA carrying the growing polypeptide chain is held in place

58
Q

what occurs in the e site

A

tRNA that have delivered their amino acids exit the ribosomes.

59
Q

what bond is formed between amino acids in the ribosome

A

peptide

60
Q

purposes of elongation factors?

A
  • prevent binding of improper anitcodons
  • translocation of mRNA down the ribosome
  • enable the attachment of the tRNA anticodon to the mRNA codon
61
Q

what must occur for translation termination

A

stop codon in mRNA is reached

62
Q

what occurs when a stop codon is at the A site of a ribosome

A

a release factor protein is activiated

63
Q

in translation, what does the release factor do when a stop codon is read?

A

binds to the stop codon in the A site in place of the tRNA

64
Q

what is the role of release factors in translation

A

they release the amino acid chain from the last tRNA

65
Q

is translation catabolic or anabolic

A

anabolic

66
Q

how many ATP/GTP total used per amino acid during protein production

A

4

Biology SBI4U1 (42 decks)

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