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pe > 6.1- Sport and Society > Flashcards

6.1- Sport and Society Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 classes was the social class divided into

A

upper class- aristocracy/ gentry

lower/ peasant class

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2
Q
  • what different activities did the upper and lower classes participate in in pre-industrial britain
  • name the different characteristics
A

lower class- mob football, dog fighting

  • simple, violent, few rules

upper class- real tennis, fox hunting, cricket

  • sophisticated, complex rules, required money
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3
Q

how did gender affect who participated in activities in pre-industrial britan

  • name 1 activity UC women participated in
  • name 1 activity LC women participated in
A

-society was male dominated
so sport was male dominated

  • UC- archery
  • LC- smock race
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4
Q

what was law and order like in pre-industrial britain for upper and lower classes

A

no police force/ uncivilized, undeveloped system of L&O

UC & LC - little law & order reflected in these activities

LC - bare knuckle fighting, animal baiting -> lack of law

- so sport especially LC- violent (animal baiting, bare-knuckled fighting

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5
Q

How did education and literacy affect which activities you played in pre-industrial times

A

UC- educated- could understand sophisticated, complex rules (real tennis)

LC- uneducated- played simple sports with few rules (mob football)

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6
Q

How did availability of time affect what sports people played in pre-industrial Britain

A

society was agragrian so

LC- followed agricultural calendar - played sport occasionally/ annually -> free time was determined by season -> due to rural work (mob football)
-festivals, holy days -> provided opportunitity for sport

UC- more time- participated in longer lasting activities (fox hunting)

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7
Q

How did availability of money affect what sports people played in pre-industrial britain

A

UC- more money- afford ^ equipment, facilities, appropriate clothing (real tennis)

LC- poorly paid- had little money - played simple, natural sports (mob football) no dress code

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8
Q

How did availability of transport and type of transport affect what sports people played in pre-industrial britain

A

limited transport

UC- could travel further- horse and cart- could get to facilities & play regionally (real tennis courts)

LC- would play sport locally- limited transport - foot (mob football)

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9
Q

Who were the middle class

A
  • professionals
  • factory owners
  • those not born into aristocracy
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10
Q

What were amateurs?

A
  • were not paid to play

- status suited UC and MC

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11
Q

What were professionals?

A

-played for money
-more competitive
-

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12
Q

How did law and order change in post 1850 industrial britain

A
  • female educational pioneers emerged due to lack of schooling for women -> brought equal rights for women

-so notion of athleticism for girls became ^ acceptable

-MC women restricted by victorian ethics (women are fragile) -> sport not suited for them -> limited to lawn tennis

-women had to wear moderate dress
-must be non-competitive
-must be doing non-vigorous activity

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13
Q

How did law and order change in post 1850 industrial britain

A

-police force introduced - 1829 -> ‘civilising process’ of society

-MC banned violent sports (animal baiting)

  • law makers were MC, UC, so supported sports they liked -> hunting still allowed

-sports more controlled

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14
Q

How did education change in post 1850 industrial britain and how did this affect participation in sport

A
  • education improved
    -due to education act (forster act) (1870) - which made school compulsory
  • education- more accessible to lower classes- LC understood more
    sophisticated rules- ^ participation

-MC, UC -> establishing NGBs

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15
Q

What did the Education Act of 1870 (forster act) require

A

-required establishment of schools nation wide

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16
Q

How did avaliability of time change post 1850 industrial britain

A

-urbanisation/ migration

-field -> factories

-shorter working week, saturday half day, week paid holiday for workers -> sports being ^ regular

-numerous factory acts -> ^ working conditions -> reflecting civilised process

-factory owners realised that sport could keep their workers healthier and loyal- encouragement of sport

-> ^ time for sport

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17
Q

What was introduced in post industrial britain to allow factory workers to play sport

A

-shorter working week
- Saturday half day introduced
- annual excursions also introduced-reduction made it easier for ppl to be involved i sport

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18
Q

How did transport change in post industrial britain and how did this affect sport

A

-devlopment of roads, bicycles, railways, motorcars enabled national fixtures & leagues to form
-spectators travelled to away games
-^ participation in sport

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19
Q

What was mob football

A
  • played between villages, especially during times of celebration
  • game for peasants
  • only rule- no killing of ppl
  • aim was to bang ball 3 times on set building (oub)
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20
Q

What was cock fighting

A
  • mainly UC sport
  • pay to throw stones and sticks at cock
  • if u knock it over & pick up stick before bird gets back up- keep the bird and charge others to throw at
  • made illegal by act of parliament in 1849
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21
Q

What were public schools

A
  • upper class fee paying schools

- initally for boys

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22
Q

How did rugby school promote sport

A
  • Thomas Arnold, headmaster at rugby sch promoted more regulated sports- encouraged healthy competition and exercise
  • house system introduced- influential in development of competitive sport teams
  • established prefects which organised sport
  • also wrote down rules for rugby in 1845
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23
Q

What did public schools have which helped them promote sports

A

-boarders - stayed at school -> had ^ time to play & practice

-fee paying -> allowed for specialist facilities & coaches

-had space to build facilities

-all ^ participation & familiarities with sport

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24
Q

What is muscular christianity

A
  • belief that links spirt with being a christian gentlemen

-shown through sense of christian & patriotic duty by playing sport with manliness & discipline

- christian and patriotic duty by playing sport with discipline and a sense of manliness

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25
Q

What is the cult of athleticism

A

-establishing link between sports and moral and ethical characteristics

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26
Q

Who did public schools have which helped them promote sport

A

-headmasters - who promoted sport (e.g. thomas arnold, religious man - noticed boys at rugby weren’t interested in attending church -> saw sport as a way to promote muscular christianity)

-ex public school boys - who went off to uni & came back as games masters -> acted as role models -> helped promote sport to younger kids

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27
Q

How did gender in sport change in the 20th century

A

-predominantly male

-gradual ^ participation for women over the century due to womens liberation movement

-1st womens olympic marathon ‘84, tripl jump ‘96

  • lte 20th century- female athletes started to become household names- Jackie Joyner-Kersee- Billie Jean King
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28
Q

How did class, law and order change in the 20th century

A

-two world wars hugely, negatively impacted participation

-^ hoolaganism

-terrorism at some events

  • most cruel sports had disappeared
  • spectators now had to pay to watch and could travel widely- development of transport

-large scale policing at major events

29
Q

How did education change in the 20th century

A

-compulsory education

-compulsory PE

  • education act of 1944- butler acts
  • education is not just to do with communicating academic info- but involves the whole of the person- spiritual, physical and vocational needs
  • education reform act 1988- stated the need for broadly based curriculum in schs

-impact of sports science has ^ levels of elite performance & participation

30
Q

How did avalibility of time & money for sport change in the 20th century

A

-^ time avaliable

-structured time for sport

-weekends dedicated to sport for many

-^ disposable income

-sport as a fashion

-most can afford to participate

but exclusivity of some sports; golf, tennis

31
Q

How did transport change in the 20th century

A
  • increase in public and private transport- increased number of ppl participating and watching sport
  • sport became much more accessible

-air travel -> made interantional fixtures possible

-euro competitions in many sports

-cars have become cheaper

32
Q

How did the class system change in the 21st century

A
  • less pronounced
  • sport offers the less wealthy to have opportunities to earn fame and fortune
  • sports can still be stereotyped- football associated with working class
33
Q

How has gender changed in the 20th century and how has this impacted sport

A
  • still more men involved in sport than women
  • sport still regarded as ‘unfeminine’ hence why there is a male dominance in sport and the media
  • certain activities - traditionally linked to males/ females- lead to discrimination
  • number of women participating in sport is still increasing
34
Q

How did law and order change in the 21st century

A
  • athletes and spectators safety-now protected by law
  • banning orders introduced help stop disruption in sports; alcohol, drugs
  • law introduced about misuse of drugs, misconduct on and off field and match fixing
  • laws made to prevent discrimination based on race, gender, sexual orientation and religion

-hoolaganism has decreased

35
Q

How has education changed in the 21st century

A
  • children aged 5-18 must receive education
  • examinations and qualifications- lot more common
  • UNIS offer wide range of PE and sport related degrees

-compulsory pe

-teenage drop out

36
Q

How has availability of time money and transport changed in the 21st century

A
  • society has become much more technologically advanced- resulting in more participation in sport
  • global recession affected disposable income- less money is being spent on sport and exercised
  • availability of transport- more advanced than ever- cars, buses, trains, flights- increased participation in sport and spectating
37
Q

Name 4 different types of global sporting events

A

Olympics/ Paralympics

World cups

Commonwealth games

Champions league final

38
Q

Name the 4 positive sporting impact global sporting events have

A

Raises the profile of the sport- increases participation.

New, upgraded venues-built.

increase in funding for sport

increased sponsorship and commercial income for individuals and governing body.

39
Q

Name the 4 negative sporting impact global sporting events have

A

1.4 Million more people are playing sport than in 2005, however the current trend is a gradual decline

New facilities can end up not being used

Lesser-known non-global sports can suffer eg. Squash is not an Olympic sport

Sports deviance is likely to be highlighted by media at global events e.g. Hooliganism at the Brazil World Cup in 2014

40
Q

Name the 4 positive social impact global sporting events have

A

More money is brought into a city or country, which can benefit the local population

Improved sporting facilities

Improve transport systems

Accommodation built for the events can be used as housing after the games

41
Q

Name the 4 negative social impact global sporting events have

A

Some areas of the country may not get the same benefits as the host country

Some areas of the host country don’t see the benefit of the infrastructure created e.g. transport

Local habitants have to vacate land being used for the games

42
Q

Name the 4 negative economic impact global sporting events have

A

Bidding to be the host country can be expensive

economic loss- Events can cause and overall economic loss (Montreal Olympics took 30 years to pay off)

jobs not long-term- Benefit of job creation is not long term related

failure- If events or participants are linked with failure it can lead to a loss of sales in merchandise

43
Q

Name the 4 positive economic impact global sporting events have

A

increase income- Increased income leads to positive economic impact as a result of more money being bought into the country

More jobs created- Increase in tourism and related economic benefits during and after the event

more goods sold- There are commercial benefits related to goods sold related to the events

44
Q

Name 3 positive political impacts global sporting events have

A

more votes- individuals, political parties, leaders- gain credit, more votes if country suceeds to host global sports event

unity-staging global event brings unity within countru

shop window- use event as shop window- raise countrys status through culture and commerce

45
Q

Name 2 negative political impacts global sporting events have

A

cost too high- lead to loss in votes & decrease government economic resources

something goes wrong at event- (terrorist attack)- politicians would be blamed responsible

46
Q

What is BOA and when was it formed

A

british olympic association

formed in 1905

47
Q

What is the british olympic association responsible for

A

planning & execution of the GB Olympic teams participation in the Olympic & winter Olympic games

-select the best sportsmen

48
Q

Who are the IOC, who were they created by

A
  • international olympic committee

- created by paris congress in 1894

49
Q

What do the IOC do

A

own rights to Olympic symbol and games themselves

-administers the olympic movement

50
Q

What did the Paralympics originate as

A

sports competition involving WW2 veterans with serious back injuries
-took place in Stoke Mandeville- UK

51
Q

Name the 4 Paralympic value

A

determination

courage

equality

inspiration

52
Q

Definition of propaganda

A

type of communication that seeks to influence people towards certain cause and political philosophy

53
Q

Name 5 countries that politically exploited the Olympic Games and when

A 
Berlin 1936
Mexico City 1968
Munich 1972
Moscow 1980
Los Angeles 1984
54
Q

How did the 1936 Berlin Olympics politically exploit the Olympic Games

A
  • third reich ideology
  • used by hitler and nazi party as a stage for political propaganda for third reich

wanted games to showcase nazi party

55
Q

How did the 1968 Mexico City politically exploit the Olympic Games

A
  • ‘black power’ demonstration
  • south africas invitation to games were withdrawn- other countries threatening to boycott the game cause of south africas apartheid regime
56
Q

How did the the 1972 Munich politically exploit the Olympic Games

A
  • Palestinian terrorism
  • day before games began- 8 Palestinian terrorists entered olympic village and seized 11 Israelian Olympic members

-hostages and five of terroists were killed

57
Q

How did the 1980 Moscow politically exploit the Olympic Games

A
  • boycott led by USA
  • soviet union hosted Games
  • in December 1979, the soviet Union invaded Afghanistan which created a conflict that would last 10 years and extend the cold war
  • USA boycotted the games & some British athletes. 4000 athletes boycotted the games
58
Q

How did the the 1984 Los Angeles politically exploit the Olympic Games

A
  • in response to 1980 games, many countries ( soviet union) announced they would boycott the 1984 games
  • total of 14 nations refused to take part. the soviet union blames the commercialisation of the games and the lack of security measures
59
Q

What are the 4 main things to consider for each sporting event

A
  • Sporting impact
  • Social impact
  • Economic impact
  • Political impact
60
Q

What is the apartheid

A

a range of policies of racial segregation under a system of legislation.

Common in South Africa from 1948-1994. non white south africans were forced to live different lives then white south africans

61
Q

What was the first significant olympics

A

Berlin 1936 - third reich

62
Q

How did avaliability of money change in post 1850 industrial britain and how did this affect participation in sport

A

-dependent on social class

-working class -> low wages
-MC -> could afford tennis set
-UC continued their country sport

63
Q

How did social class change in post 1850 industrial britain and how did this affect participation in sport

A

-LC lost rights
-MC emerged & developed their own customs
-UC still existed

64
Q

How did public schools promote and organise sport post 1850

A

-formed ngb’s
-developed competitions like the FA cup
-spread sports to other areas & countries
-codified the rules

65
Q

Name 2 ways public schools promoted sport

A

through:

-inter house system -> ^ competition

-inter school -> play other schools once transport ^

-established rules

-developed leagues & competitions

66
Q

How did public schools post 1850 spread and export sport

A

-army officers spread games

-clergy spread games through churches

-industrialists spread games through factories

-politicians made policies

-teachers & masters returned to sch to coach next gen

67
Q

What ethical values within sport did public schools promote

A

-promoted muscular christianity

-promoted fair play

-built character through developing values; teamwork, trust, loyalty, leadership

68
Q

What is the cult of athleticism

A

The craze for team games and disinterest in academic work

69
Q

What is athleticism

A

The combination of physical endeavour with moral integrity. Trying hard and playing fair/effort and sportsmanship

pe (37 decks)

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