6.1- Sport and Society Flashcards
What 2 classes was the social class divided into
upper class- aristocracy/ gentry
lower/ peasant class
- what different activities did the upper and lower classes participate in in pre-industrial britain
- name the different characteristics
lower class- mob football, dog fighting
- simple, violent, few rules
upper class- real tennis, fox hunting, cricket
- sophisticated, complex rules, required money
how did gender affect who participated in activities in pre-industrial britan
- name 1 activity UC women participated in
- name 1 activity LC women participated in
-society was male dominated
so sport was male dominated
- UC- archery
- LC- smock race
what was law and order like in pre-industrial britain for upper and lower classes
no police force/ uncivilized, undeveloped system of L&O
UC & LC - little law & order reflected in these activities
LC - bare knuckle fighting, animal baiting -> lack of law
- so sport especially LC- violent (animal baiting, bare-knuckled fighting
How did education and literacy affect which activities you played in pre-industrial times
UC- educated- could understand sophisticated, complex rules (real tennis)
LC- uneducated- played simple sports with few rules (mob football)
How did availability of time affect what sports people played in pre-industrial Britain
society was agragrian so
LC- followed agricultural calendar - played sport occasionally/ annually -> free time was determined by season -> due to rural work (mob football)
-festivals, holy days -> provided opportunitity for sport
UC- more time- participated in longer lasting activities (fox hunting)
How did availability of money affect what sports people played in pre-industrial britain
UC- more money- afford ^ equipment, facilities, appropriate clothing (real tennis)
LC- poorly paid- had little money - played simple, natural sports (mob football) no dress code
How did availability of transport and type of transport affect what sports people played in pre-industrial britain
limited transport
UC- could travel further- horse and cart- could get to facilities & play regionally (real tennis courts)
LC- would play sport locally- limited transport - foot (mob football)
Who were the middle class
- professionals
- factory owners
- those not born into aristocracy
What were amateurs?
- were not paid to play
- status suited UC and MC
What were professionals?
-played for money
-more competitive
-
How did law and order change in post 1850 industrial britain
- female educational pioneers emerged due to lack of schooling for women -> brought equal rights for women
-so notion of athleticism for girls became ^ acceptable
-MC women restricted by victorian ethics (women are fragile) -> sport not suited for them -> limited to lawn tennis
-women had to wear moderate dress
-must be non-competitive
-must be doing non-vigorous activity
How did law and order change in post 1850 industrial britain
-police force introduced - 1829 -> ‘civilising process’ of society
-MC banned violent sports (animal baiting)
- law makers were MC, UC, so supported sports they liked -> hunting still allowed
-sports more controlled
How did education change in post 1850 industrial britain and how did this affect participation in sport
- education improved
-due to education act (forster act) (1870) - which made school compulsory - education- more accessible to lower classes- LC understood more
sophisticated rules- ^ participation
-MC, UC -> establishing NGBs
What did the Education Act of 1870 (forster act) require
-required establishment of schools nation wide
How did avaliability of time change post 1850 industrial britain
-urbanisation/ migration
-field -> factories
-shorter working week, saturday half day, week paid holiday for workers -> sports being ^ regular
-numerous factory acts -> ^ working conditions -> reflecting civilised process
-factory owners realised that sport could keep their workers healthier and loyal- encouragement of sport
-> ^ time for sport
What was introduced in post industrial britain to allow factory workers to play sport
-shorter working week
- Saturday half day introduced
- annual excursions also introduced-reduction made it easier for ppl to be involved i sport
How did transport change in post industrial britain and how did this affect sport
-devlopment of roads, bicycles, railways, motorcars enabled national fixtures & leagues to form
-spectators travelled to away games
-^ participation in sport
What was mob football
- played between villages, especially during times of celebration
- game for peasants
- only rule- no killing of ppl
- aim was to bang ball 3 times on set building (oub)
What was cock fighting
- mainly UC sport
- pay to throw stones and sticks at cock
- if u knock it over & pick up stick before bird gets back up- keep the bird and charge others to throw at
- made illegal by act of parliament in 1849
What were public schools
- upper class fee paying schools
- initally for boys
How did rugby school promote sport
- Thomas Arnold, headmaster at rugby sch promoted more regulated sports- encouraged healthy competition and exercise
- house system introduced- influential in development of competitive sport teams
- established prefects which organised sport
- also wrote down rules for rugby in 1845
What did public schools have which helped them promote sports
-boarders - stayed at school -> had ^ time to play & practice
-fee paying -> allowed for specialist facilities & coaches
-had space to build facilities
-all ^ participation & familiarities with sport
What is muscular christianity
- belief that links spirt with being a christian gentlemen
-shown through sense of christian & patriotic duty by playing sport with manliness & discipline
- christian and patriotic duty by playing sport with discipline and a sense of manliness
What is the cult of athleticism
-establishing link between sports and moral and ethical characteristics
Who did public schools have which helped them promote sport
-headmasters - who promoted sport (e.g. thomas arnold, religious man - noticed boys at rugby weren’t interested in attending church -> saw sport as a way to promote muscular christianity)
-ex public school boys - who went off to uni & came back as games masters -> acted as role models -> helped promote sport to younger kids
How did gender in sport change in the 20th century
-predominantly male
-gradual ^ participation for women over the century due to womens liberation movement
-1st womens olympic marathon ‘84, tripl jump ‘96
- lte 20th century- female athletes started to become household names- Jackie Joyner-Kersee- Billie Jean King
How did class, law and order change in the 20th century
-two world wars hugely, negatively impacted participation
-^ hoolaganism
-terrorism at some events
- most cruel sports had disappeared
- spectators now had to pay to watch and could travel widely- development of transport
-large scale policing at major events
How did education change in the 20th century
-compulsory education
-compulsory PE
- education act of 1944- butler acts
- education is not just to do with communicating academic info- but involves the whole of the person- spiritual, physical and vocational needs
- education reform act 1988- stated the need for broadly based curriculum in schs
-impact of sports science has ^ levels of elite performance & participation
How did avalibility of time & money for sport change in the 20th century
-^ time avaliable
-structured time for sport
-weekends dedicated to sport for many
-^ disposable income
-sport as a fashion
-most can afford to participate
but exclusivity of some sports; golf, tennis
How did transport change in the 20th century
- increase in public and private transport- increased number of ppl participating and watching sport
- sport became much more accessible
-air travel -> made interantional fixtures possible
-euro competitions in many sports
-cars have become cheaper
How did the class system change in the 21st century
- less pronounced
- sport offers the less wealthy to have opportunities to earn fame and fortune
- sports can still be stereotyped- football associated with working class
How has gender changed in the 20th century and how has this impacted sport
- still more men involved in sport than women
- sport still regarded as ‘unfeminine’ hence why there is a male dominance in sport and the media
- certain activities - traditionally linked to males/ females- lead to discrimination
- number of women participating in sport is still increasing
How did law and order change in the 21st century
- athletes and spectators safety-now protected by law
- banning orders introduced help stop disruption in sports; alcohol, drugs
- law introduced about misuse of drugs, misconduct on and off field and match fixing
- laws made to prevent discrimination based on race, gender, sexual orientation and religion
-hoolaganism has decreased
How has education changed in the 21st century
- children aged 5-18 must receive education
- examinations and qualifications- lot more common
- UNIS offer wide range of PE and sport related degrees
-compulsory pe
-teenage drop out
How has availability of time money and transport changed in the 21st century
- society has become much more technologically advanced- resulting in more participation in sport
- global recession affected disposable income- less money is being spent on sport and exercised
- availability of transport- more advanced than ever- cars, buses, trains, flights- increased participation in sport and spectating
Name 4 different types of global sporting events
Olympics/ Paralympics
World cups
Commonwealth games
Champions league final
Name the 4 positive sporting impact global sporting events have
Raises the profile of the sport- increases participation.
New, upgraded venues-built.
increase in funding for sport
increased sponsorship and commercial income for individuals and governing body.
Name the 4 negative sporting impact global sporting events have
1.4 Million more people are playing sport than in 2005, however the current trend is a gradual decline
New facilities can end up not being used
Lesser-known non-global sports can suffer eg. Squash is not an Olympic sport
Sports deviance is likely to be highlighted by media at global events e.g. Hooliganism at the Brazil World Cup in 2014
Name the 4 positive social impact global sporting events have
More money is brought into a city or country, which can benefit the local population
Improved sporting facilities
Improve transport systems
Accommodation built for the events can be used as housing after the games
Name the 4 negative social impact global sporting events have
Some areas of the country may not get the same benefits as the host country
Some areas of the host country don’t see the benefit of the infrastructure created e.g. transport
Local habitants have to vacate land being used for the games
Name the 4 negative economic impact global sporting events have
Bidding to be the host country can be expensive
economic loss- Events can cause and overall economic loss (Montreal Olympics took 30 years to pay off)
jobs not long-term- Benefit of job creation is not long term related
failure- If events or participants are linked with failure it can lead to a loss of sales in merchandise
Name the 4 positive economic impact global sporting events have
increase income- Increased income leads to positive economic impact as a result of more money being bought into the country
More jobs created- Increase in tourism and related economic benefits during and after the event
more goods sold- There are commercial benefits related to goods sold related to the events
Name 3 positive political impacts global sporting events have
more votes- individuals, political parties, leaders- gain credit, more votes if country suceeds to host global sports event
unity-staging global event brings unity within countru
shop window- use event as shop window- raise countrys status through culture and commerce
Name 2 negative political impacts global sporting events have
cost too high- lead to loss in votes & decrease government economic resources
something goes wrong at event- (terrorist attack)- politicians would be blamed responsible
What is BOA and when was it formed
british olympic association
formed in 1905
What is the british olympic association responsible for
planning & execution of the GB Olympic teams participation in the Olympic & winter Olympic games
-select the best sportsmen
Who are the IOC, who were they created by
- international olympic committee
- created by paris congress in 1894
What do the IOC do
own rights to Olympic symbol and games themselves
-administers the olympic movement
What did the Paralympics originate as
sports competition involving WW2 veterans with serious back injuries
-took place in Stoke Mandeville- UK
Name the 4 Paralympic value
determination
courage
equality
inspiration
Definition of propaganda
type of communication that seeks to influence people towards certain cause and political philosophy
Name 5 countries that politically exploited the Olympic Games and when
Berlin 1936 Mexico City 1968 Munich 1972 Moscow 1980 Los Angeles 1984
How did the 1936 Berlin Olympics politically exploit the Olympic Games
- third reich ideology
- used by hitler and nazi party as a stage for political propaganda for third reich
wanted games to showcase nazi party
How did the 1968 Mexico City politically exploit the Olympic Games
- ‘black power’ demonstration
- south africas invitation to games were withdrawn- other countries threatening to boycott the game cause of south africas apartheid regime
How did the the 1972 Munich politically exploit the Olympic Games
- Palestinian terrorism
- day before games began- 8 Palestinian terrorists entered olympic village and seized 11 Israelian Olympic members
-hostages and five of terroists were killed
How did the 1980 Moscow politically exploit the Olympic Games
- boycott led by USA
- soviet union hosted Games
- in December 1979, the soviet Union invaded Afghanistan which created a conflict that would last 10 years and extend the cold war
- USA boycotted the games & some British athletes. 4000 athletes boycotted the games
How did the the 1984 Los Angeles politically exploit the Olympic Games
- in response to 1980 games, many countries ( soviet union) announced they would boycott the 1984 games
- total of 14 nations refused to take part. the soviet union blames the commercialisation of the games and the lack of security measures
What are the 4 main things to consider for each sporting event
- Sporting impact
- Social impact
- Economic impact
- Political impact
What is the apartheid
a range of policies of racial segregation under a system of legislation.
Common in South Africa from 1948-1994. non white south africans were forced to live different lives then white south africans
What was the first significant olympics
Berlin 1936 - third reich
How did avaliability of money change in post 1850 industrial britain and how did this affect participation in sport
-dependent on social class
-working class -> low wages
-MC -> could afford tennis set
-UC continued their country sport
How did social class change in post 1850 industrial britain and how did this affect participation in sport
-LC lost rights
-MC emerged & developed their own customs
-UC still existed
How did public schools promote and organise sport post 1850
-formed ngb’s
-developed competitions like the FA cup
-spread sports to other areas & countries
-codified the rules
Name 2 ways public schools promoted sport
through:
-inter house system -> ^ competition
-inter school -> play other schools once transport ^
-established rules
-developed leagues & competitions
How did public schools post 1850 spread and export sport
-army officers spread games
-clergy spread games through churches
-industrialists spread games through factories
-politicians made policies
-teachers & masters returned to sch to coach next gen
What ethical values within sport did public schools promote
-promoted muscular christianity
-promoted fair play
-built character through developing values; teamwork, trust, loyalty, leadership
What is the cult of athleticism
The craze for team games and disinterest in academic work
What is athleticism
The combination of physical endeavour with moral integrity. Trying hard and playing fair/effort and sportsmanship
