1.2 Cardiovascular and respiratory systems 3 Flashcards
What does the respiratory system consist of
-nose
-series of airways
-lungs
-respiratory muscles
Name the 2 functions of the respiratory system
-pulmonary ventilation- inspiration & expiration of air
-gaseous exchange- (external and internal)
What occurs in gaseous exchange
external respiration- movement of oxygen into the blood and CO2 into lungs
internal respiration- release of oxygen to respiring cells for energy production and collection of waste products
What are alveoli
clusters of air sacs covered in network of capillaries
-site for gaseous exchange
What is gaseous exchange
movement of oxygen from alveoli into blood stream and CO2 from bloodstream into alveoli
What is external respiration
movement of oxygen into blood stream and carbon dioxide into lungs
What is internal respiration
release of O2 to respiring cells for energy production
& collection of waste products
Name the 4 steps of the pathway of air through respiratory organs
- air into nasal cavity through nose
- travels down pharynx, larynx, trachea
- trachea divides into right, left bronchi as they enter lung
4.bronchi divide into brochioles- end in alveoliar ducts
What occurs during inspiration (breathing in)
diaphragm contracts, moves downwards
intercostal muscles contract moving ribs upwards, outwards - increases size of chest- decreases air pressure inside it- sucks air into the lungs.
What occurs during expiration (breathing out)
diaphragm relaxes- returns to domed shape
intercostal muscles relax so the ribs move inwards, downwards- decreases size of chest- increases air pressure in chest- air is forced out lungs
Where does gaseous exchange occur and by what process
occurs in lungs
takes place by diffusion
What occurs in gaseous exchange
high concentration of oxygen in the alveoli and a low concentration of oxygen in the blood, so oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the blood
high concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood and a low concentration in the alveoli, so carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli.
Name 2 ways oxygen can be transported
-blood plasma
-haemoglobin in red blood cells
What is oxygen
essential gas required for aerobic energy production in kmuscle cells
What is carbon dioxide
waste product of aerobic energy prdocyution in muscle cells
Name the 3 ways carbon dioxide can be transported
-carried as carbonic acid
-carried within haemoglobin
-disollved in plasma
What is tidal volume
volume of air inspired/ expired per breath
What is the formula for minute ventilation
tidal volume x breathing rate = minute ventilation
Explain the role of the respiratory system when responding to exercise snd recovery
-when we start to exercise- demand for oxygen by muscles increases
-respiratory systems role is to increase supply of air to alveoli and therefore oxygen for gaseous exchange
Explain what occurs to breathing rate in response to exercise
br increases until we reach our max (50-60 breathes per min)
sub-maximal- br can plateau- supply of oxygen meeting demand from muscles
Explain what occurs to tidal volume in response to exercise
tidal volume increases
Explain what occurs to minute ventilation in response to exercise
Describe what occurs in the mechanics of inspiration at rest
-active process
-external intercostal muscles between ribs CONTRACT -> pulls chest walls up & out
-diaphragm- CONTRACTS, FLATTENS -> increasing size of chest
Name the additional inspiratory muscles recruited for inspiration during exercise
-sternocleidomastoid
-pectoralis minor