Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

pe > 1.2 Cardiovascular and respiratory systems 2 > Flashcards

1.2 Cardiovascular and respiratory systems 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

the part of the nervous system responsible for control of the bodily functions not consciously directed, such as breathing, the heartbeat, and digestive processes.

involuntarily regulates heart rate and determines firing rate of the SA node

-higher firing rate of the SA node higher heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the cardiac control centre

A

control centre in the medulla oblongata that controls the heart rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name the 3 main control mechanisms that determine the action of the cardiac control centre

A

-neural control
-intrinsic control
-hormonal control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is neural control

A

chemoreceptors ->detect ^ in acidity in blood

proprioceptors -> detect movement in tendons & muscle fibres

baroreceptors -> detect increase in pressure in blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is intrinsic control

A

temperature changes affect viscosity (thickness) of blood and speed of nerve impulse transmission

venous return changes affect stretch in ventricle walls, force of ventricular contraction, stroke volume

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is hormonal control

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline- released from adrenal glands-

increase force of ventricular contraction (therefore SV) - increasing spread of electrical activity through heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the vascular system

A

network of blood vessels and blood
-ensures oxygen and nutrients are delivered to all respiring cells for energy production
- waste is removed efficiently

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name 3 functions of the blood

A
  • transports oxygen and glucose
  • protect and fight disease
  • maintain the internal stability of the body
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the three types of blood vessels

A
  • arteries
  • veins
  • capillaries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What do arteries and arterioles do

A

transport oxygenated blood from the heart to muscles and organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Name the main artery and what it does

A

aorta
-carries blood at a high pressure directly from left ventricle
-subdivides arterioles slowing blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Name 3 characteristics of arteries

A
  • large layer of smooth muscle
  • elastic tissue to cushion and smooth blood
  • small lumen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Explain what arterioles are

A

Small branch of an artery leading into capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are pre capillary sphincters

A
  • ring of smooth muscle surrounding the entry of capillary bed.
  • they dilate and constrict to control blood flow through capillary bed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What process occurs in capillaries

A

gas exchange

-O2 passes through capillary wall & into tissues

-CO2 passes from tissues -> blood through capillary wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Explain characteristics of capillaries

A
  • walls have a single layer, thin enough to allow gas, nutrient and waste exchange
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What do veins and venules do

A

they transport deoxygenated blood from the muscles and organs back to the heart.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is vasodilation

A

the widening of the arteries, arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is vasoconstriction

A

narrowing of arteries, arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the main vein

A

vena cava

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Name the characteristics of veins and venules

A
  • small layer of smooth muscle allowing them to venodilate and venoconstrict to maintain the slow flow of blood towards the heart
    -veins have one-way pocket valves which prevent backflow of blood
22
Q

What is venous return

A

return of blood to the heart through the venules and veins back to the right atrium, largely against gravity

23
Q

Why is a greater venous return needed during exercise

A

greater demand for oxygen -> more oxygenated blood requires greater venous return-> so stroke volume, cardiac output can increase.

24
Q

What are the five mechanisms that aid venous return

A
  • pocket valves
  • smooth muscle
  • gravity
  • muscle pump
  • respiratory pump
25
Q

How does smooth muscle aid venous return

A

-found in vein wall -> venoconstricts

-pushing blood back towards heart

26
Q

How do pocket valves aid venous return

A
  • valves prevent backflow of blood
27
Q

How does gravity aid venous return

A

blood from upper body, above heart, helped to return by gravity

28
Q

How is muscle pump an aid in venous return

A

during exercise, skeletal muscle contract compressing veins located between them, squeezing blood back to heart

29
Q

How does the respiratory pump aid venous return

A
  • during inspiration and expiration, pressure difference between thoracic and abdominal cavity is created, squeezing blood back to heart
30
Q

How does a cooling down help recovery

A
  • low intensity exercise maintains muscle and respiratory pump

aiding return of blood to heart

31
Q

What is cardiac output at rest

A

5 l/ min

32
Q

What is the vascular shunt mechanism

A

redistribution of cardiac output around body from rest to exercise

increases % of blood flow to skeletal muscles

33
Q

what is the sympathetic nervous system

A

part of ANS- responsible for increasing HR during exercise

34
Q

how does vasoconstriction and vasodilation occur

A

vasomotor control centre (VCC) stimulates vasonstriction and vasodilation to occur

35
Q

what is the parasympathetic nervous system

A

part of ANS- responsible for decreasing HR, specifically during recovery

36
Q

what do arterioles lead to and what does this do

A

lead to capillary beds- brings blood in close contact with organ and muscle cells

37
Q

what is blood flow into capillary beds controlled by

A

pre-capillary sphincters

38
Q

what 2 things can pre-capillary sphincters do which controls how much blood flows

A

-constrict- limits blood flow through capillary bed

-dilate- maximises blood flow into capillary bed

39
Q

what occurs at rest in terms of cardiac output

A

-high % cardiac output goes to organs
-low % cardiac output goes to muscles

40
Q

what do the aterioles do when the body is at rest

A

-aterioles to organs vasodilate- increasing blood flow
-aterioles to musces- vasoconstrict- limiting blood flow

41
Q

what do the pre-capillary sphincters do when the body is at rest

A

-pre-capillary sphincters dilate- opening up capillary beds to allow more blood to organ cells

-pre-capillary sphincters constrict- closing capillary beds to muscle cells

42
Q

what is vasomotor control centre

A

-control centre in medulla oblongata responsible for cardiac distribution

43
Q

what controls vascular shunt mechanism

A

vasomotor control centre

44
Q

what is vasomotor tone

A

partial state of smooth muscle constriction in arterial walls

45
Q

what 2 things does the vasomotor control centre receive information from and what info does it receive

A

-chemoreceptors- regarding chemical changes (CO2 , lactic acid rising during exercise

-barorecptors- regarding pressure changes on aterial walls

46
Q

describe the steps in which occurs in the vasomotor control of cardiac output in response to exercise

A

-chemoreceptors detect increase in lactic acid, CO2

-barorecptors detect increased stretch on vessel walls

-send this info to VCC

-VCC uses SNS to increase or decrease sympathetic stimulation to arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters

-sympathetic stimulation = decreased

-arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters dilate

-blood flow to muscle cells increases

-sympathetic stimulation increased

-aterioles and pre-capillary sphincters constrict

-blood flow decreases to organ cells

47
Q

describe the steps in which occurs in the vasomotor control of cardiac output in response to exercise

A

-chemoreceptors detect increase in lactic acid, CO2

-barorecptors detect increased stretch on vessel walls

-send this info to VCC

-VCC uses SNS to increase or decrease sympathetic stimulation to arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters

-sympathetic stimulation = decreased

-arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters dilate

-blood flow to muscle cells increases

-sympathetic stimulation increased

-arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters constrict

-blood flow decreases to organ cells

48
Q

describe what the VCC does when it receives the sensory info from the baroreceptors and chemoreceptors

A

-sympathetic stimulation will either be increased/ decreased to alter level of vasoconstriction of arterioles, pre-capillary sphincters

49
Q

why does sympathetic stimulation increase

A

-to vasoconstrict arterioles, pre-capillary sphincters, to limit blood flow to areas such as muscles at rest

50
Q

why does sympathetic stimulation decrease

A

-to vasodilate arterioles, pre-capillary sphincters, to increase blood flow to area such as muscles during exercise

51
Q

What is the point of venous return mechanisms

A

work to maximise/ ^ blood flow back to heart

pe (37 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions