4.5- Stages of learning, guidance, feedback Flashcards
What is the cognitive stage
-earliest stage of learning when performer understands what needs to be done
What often occurs in the cognitive stage
-lots of trial and error- trying out different movements
What is the teachers influence in the cognitive stage
-teachers may use demonstrations, methods of guidance
-
Give a practical example of cognitive stage of learning
-teaching a novice badminton player the correct technique for serving and highlight important points
What is stage 1 in the stages of learning
The Cognitive Stage
What is stage 2 in the stages of learning
The Associative Stage
What is the associative stage
-when performer practices and compares the movements produced with the mental image
What often occurs in the associative stage
leaner gradually becomes more aware oif inceasingly subtle and complex cues
- vast improvement in performance occurs
- motor programmes form
Give a practical example of the associative stage of learning
- novice badminton player is more aware of what needs to be done for her serve
- serve is more consistent and accurate
- performer is correcting errors without a teachers help
What is the autonomous stage
-final stage of learning
What often occurs in the autonomous stage
- mivements are becoming almost automatic with little conscious thought
- distractions are ignored
- performer is able to concentrate on descisions and strategies
- motor programmes are formed
- reaction time is short
Give a practical example of the autonomous stage of learning
badminton performer is now coniddent and can consistently perform accurate serves with minimum amount of thought
Name the 4 types of guidance
- visual guidance
- verbal guidance
- mechanical guidance
- manual guidance
What is visual guidance
when the learner watches a model/ video of someone performing the skill (demonstration to form mental image)
- to be effective demonstration should be supported by verbal guidance
- good at cognitive stage
Give an example of visual guidance
demonstration of pass in rugby
Name 2 advantages of visual guidance
- enables skill to be seen in different stages- increases understanding
- performer finds it easy to create a mental picture of what is required by the skill- so player can correct errors
Name 2 disadvantages of visual guidance
- demonstration could be incorrect- performer develops bad habits
- coach may not be able to show accurate demonstration
What is verbal guidance
- learner is told what to do
- spoken instruction
Give an example of verbal guidance
telling player what tactics to use in a game
Name 2 advantages of verbal guidance
- can be in the form of feedback- used to reinforce good movements- develops understanding
- can hold attention of performer if used appropriately
- good at autonomous stage
Name 2 disadvantages of verbal guidance
- can lead to ‘information overload’- performer getting distracted/ confused
- guidance given could be inaccurate
- some skills are too complex for verbal guidance alone (e.g. somersault)
- can be confusing at cognitive stage
Give an example of manual guidance
-physical support during forehand shot in tennis
What is mechanical guidance
- learner uses equipment/ apparatus to help performance
- supporting body through the movement using apparatus to develop confidence
What is mechanical guidance
- learner uses equipment/ apparatus to help performance
- supporting body through the movement using apparatus to develop confidence
Give an example of mechanical guidance
-using harness in trampolining when learning advanced/ dangerous moves
Name 6 advantages of manual guidance
- corrects errrors
- can give performer greater sense of safety and help with their confidence
- at autonomous stage helps to develop more complex skills
- gives feeling of movement and develops timing
- effective at cognitive stage
- may motivate younger people to pursue the sport
Name 5 disadvantages of manual guidance
- learners cannot correct errors for themselves
- close proximity of coach could be uncomfortable for learners
- ineffective if used for too long- learner can become too reliant
- can be over-restrictive- performer may feel lack of control
- can lead to false sense of kinaesthetic- performer not getting true sense of skill action
Name 6 advantages of mechanical guidance
- corrects errors
- can give performer greater sense of safety and help with their confidence
- at autonomous stage helps to develop more complex skills
- gives feeling of movement and develops timing
- effective at cognitive stage
- may motivate younger people to pursue the sport
Name 5 disadvantages of mechanical guidance
- learners cannot correct errors for themselves
- ineffective if used for too long- learner can become too reliant
- can be over-restrictive- performer may feel lack of control
- can lead to false sense of kinaesthetic- performer not getting true sense of skill action
- may develop false confidence
What is intrinsic feedback
feedback that comes from within yourself through kinesthesis
often continuous in nature- arises from signals from proprioceptors found in muscles, ligaments, joints
helps autonomous performers correct movements during performance
What is extrinsic feedback
feedback that comes from an external/ outside source (a coach)
can be positive or negative
used to support intrinsic feedback
good for cognitive performers
What is positive feedback
feedback given about correct performance of a skill
can be intrinsic or extrinsic
used to reinforce correct action
What is negative feedback
feedback given about incorrect performance of a skill
can be intrinsic or extrinsic
What is knowledge of results feedback
feedback as a result of a skill
What is knowledge of performance feedback
feedback about the quality of a performance, whether the technique was correct
Name the 6 types of feedback
- intrinsic feedback
- extrinsic feedback
- positive feedback
- negative feedback
- knowledge of results feedback
- knowledge of performance feedback
Name 5 advantages of intrinsic feedback
- good at the autonomous stage
- helps fluency of skill- performer can alter performance whilst doing it
- allows performer to have more attentional space (less to think about) so has time to think about periperal stimuli
- performer doesnt need to rely on others
- movements can be corrected immediately
Give an example of intrinsic feedback
-passing a ball inaccurately will
Give an example of extrinsic feedback
-score a weak shot- coach gives you feedback on what you should do next time
Name 2 disadvantages of intrinsic feedback
- less effective at cognitive & associative stage- may not know correct feel of skill
- can hinder learning if overused- may think was correct is incorrect
Name 3 advantages of extrinsic feedback
- good at cognitive & associative stage
- helps learner understand what they are doing wrong
- coach can be giving coaching points that may lead to improvement
Name 2 disadvantages of extrinsic feedback
- feedback from coaches could be inaccurate- can negatively affect performers performance
- learner can become too dependent on this- less effective in developing kinesthesis- needed to reach autonomous stage
Name 2 advantages of positive feedback
- motivating
- helps build self-esteem and confidence
Name 2 disadvantages of positive feedback
-some performers don’t respond well to too much praise- may ignore feedback- hinders performance and learning
Name 2 advantages of negative feedback
-motivates some performers
-
Name 2 disadvantages of negative feedback
- demotivating
- may be detrimental to learning process if feedback is inaccurate
Name 2 advantages of knowledge of results feedback
- good at cognitive and associative stages- easy to see if movement was accurate or not
- allows correction after movement or outcome of movement- good for ? skills as outcome/ result is the measure of success
Name 2 advantages of knowledge of performance feedback
- ideal at autonomous stage when kinesthetsis helps with technique
- allows for quick correction during performance
- very effective in some closed skills- enables technique t be adjusted
Name 2 disadvantages of knowledge of results feedback
- not as effective at autonomous stage- can only be used after movement has been completed- corrections cant be made during performance
- not as effective in some closed skills- technique is often the measure of success
Name 2 disadvantages of knowledge of performance feedback
- less likely at cognitive stage
- gained through experience- may take a long time to develop- long process may be demotivating- may prevent some learners from reaching autnomous stage
How can a coach ensure feedback is effective
- limit amount of info given- too much info overloads performer- points given should be specific, understood
- timings of the feedback- should be given straight away after performance- when still fresh in memory
- encourage them to develop kinesthesis/ intrinsic feedback- recognise for themselves- quality of their movements
- related to the individual- can relate to it and are accountable in future actions
