1.2 Cardiovascular and respiratory systems Flashcards by Ellie-Mae Beeton

Name the two circuits for moving the blood?

pulmonary circuit
systemic circuit

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What is the pulmonary circuit?

circulation of deoxygenated blood through pulmoary arteries to lungs & pulmonary veins back to heart

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What is the systemic circuit?

circulation of oxygenated blood through aorta -> body and deoxygenated blood back through vena cava back -> heart

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What are the four heart chambers?

right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, right ventricle

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What are the four heart valves?

tricuspid valve
bicuspid valve
pulmonary semilunar valve
aortic semilunar valve

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Why is it better to have a more efficient cardiovascular system

the greater the capacity to remove waste products from muscles

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Describe the left side of the heart

-has thicker muscular wall which can contract with more force

-circulates oxygenated blood from lungs to muscles and organs

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Describe the right side of the heart

-contracts to circulate deoxygentaed blood from body to lungs

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What type of muscle is in the heart?

cardiac muscle

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Explain the flow of blood through the left side of the heart

blood oxygentaed at lungs

pulmonary veins –>
left atrium –>
bicuspid valve –>
left ventricle –>
aortic semilunar valve –> aorta –>
body tissues

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Explain the flow of blood through the right side of the heart

deoxygentaed blood arrives from muscles and organs to right atria

vena cave –>
right atrium –>
tricuspid valve –>
right ventricle –>
pulmonary semilunar valve-> pulmonary artery –>
lungs

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What is oxygenated blood

blood with oxygen and nutrients

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What is deoxygenated blood

blood depleted of oxygen, saturated with carbon dioxide and waste products

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What is the conduction system

-structures in cardiac muscle

creates, transmits electrical impulse

forcing atria and ventricles to contract

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Name the 5 sturctures that make up the conduction system

(SABBP)
-Sino-atrial node (SA NODE)
-Atrio-ventricular node (AV NODE)
-Bundle of His
-Bundle branches
-Purkyne fibres

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The cardiac muscle is myogenic

-what is myogenic

-capacity of the heart to generate its own electrical impulse- causes cardiac muscle to contract

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What is the SA node?

in wall of right atrium. sends impulse across both atria causing atrial systole (contraction)

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What is the AV node

in middle wall of heart between atria and ventricles

receives impulse from the SA node, delays for a moment to allow for atrial systole to finish and sends it down the bundle of His

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What is the Bundles of His

middle of wall of heart. Transmits impulses to the bottom of the right and left side of the heart

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What are the Purkinje fibres

in walls of ventricles, cause impulse to penetrate into ventricle walls causing ventricular systole

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What is a diastole

-relaxation phase of cardiac muscle where blood chambers fill with blood

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What is a systole

contraction phase of cardiac muscle where blood is ejected into aorta and pulmonary artery

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What is atrial diastole

when atrium is relaxing- atria fills with blood blood from vena cava and pulmonary vein. AV valves closed. Atrial pressure rises above ventricular pressure. Blood starts to pass passively into ventricles

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What is atrial systole

when atrium is contracting

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What is ventricular diastole

when ventricle is relaxing

What is ventricular systole

when ventricle is contracting

What is the cardiac cycle

cardiac muscle contraction & the movement of blood through its chambers

What does one complete cardiac cycle represent

sequence of events involved in a single heartbeat

What is heart rate

-number of times heart beats per min UNTRAINED -rest- 70-72 -max- 220 - age TRAINED -rest- 50 -max 220- age

What is stroke volume

-volume of blood ejected from left ventricle per beat UNTRAINED -rest -> 70ml/ beat -max -> 100-120ml TRAINED -rest -> 100ml/ beat -max -> 160-200ml

What is cardiac output

-volume of blood ejected from left ventricle per min UNTRAINED -rest 5l/min -max 20-30l/min TRAINED -rese 5l/min -max 30-40l/min

How can cardiac output be calculated

heart rate x stroke volume

Name the 2 types of exercise that occurs when the cardiovascular system responds to exercise and recovery

-sub-maximal -maximal

What is sub-maximal exercise

exericse at low-to-moderate- intensity within performers aerobic capcity or below anaerobic threshold -associated with aerobic work

What is maximal exercise

exercise at high intensity above performers aerobic capacity -> exhaustion -associated with anaerobic work and fatigue

What occurs to heart rate during sub-maximal intensity exercise

during sub-maximal intensity exercise heart rate can plateau (level out) as we reach a steady state

What occurs to heart rate during maximal intensity exercise

during maximal intensity exercise heart rate doesn't plateau as intensity continues to increase

Describe heart rates response to sub-maximal exercise

-initial anticipatory rise in HR prior to exercise- due to adrenaline -rapid increase in HR at start of exercise to increase blood flow and oxygen delivery -a steady state HR throughout sustained intensity exercise as oxygen meets demand -initial rapid decrease in HR as recovery is entered- muscle pump reduces -more gradual decrease in HR to resting levels

Does heart rate plateau in sub-maximal intensity

can plateau as we reach a comfortable, steady state

Does heart rate plateau in maximal intensity

-heart rate does not plateau as exercise intensity continues to increase

What is increased venous return

volume of blood that returns from body to heart

What happens to venous return during exercise

-venous return increases -greater volume of blood returning to heart and filling ventricles -due to the squeezing action of muscular contraction

What does the Frank-Starling mechanism show

shows how stroke vol is dependent on venous return

What does an increased venous return lead to on Frank Starlings mechanims

^ stroke vol- due to increased stretch of ventricle walls- force of contraction

What part of the body gets involved when the heart rate needs to increase or decrease

brain gets involved: known as cardiac control or regulation of heart rate

What involuntarily regulates heart rate and determines the firing range of the SA node

the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

What does the cardiac control centre do

receives info from sensory nerves and sends direction through motor nerves to change heart rate

Name the 3 control mechanisms that determine the action of the CCC

-neural control -intrinsic control -hormonal control

What is the cardiac control centre

control centre in the medulla oblongata responsible for HR regulation

give a typical resting value for stroke volume for a trained individual

80–120ml

Name the 2 processes in the cardiac cycle

-cardiac diastole -cardiac systole

What is cardiovascular system responsible for

delivering oxygen from air to muscle tissues for repsiration

What nervous system responds if increase in HR is required

-sympathetic nervous system -responds by releasing adrenaline, noradrenaline, -stimulating SA node to ^ HR

What nervous system is required when there needs to be a decrease in HR

parasympathetic -reduce stimulation of SA node - reducing HR

Explain the process that occurs in the sympathetic nervous system to increase HR

-SNS -> controlled by CCC -CCC receives info from receptors -CCC sends impulses down accelerator nerve to ^ firing rate of SA node -^ HR -^ oxygen to working muscles

Explain the process that occurs in the parasympathetic nervous system

-reduces HR -controlled by CCC -CCC recives info from receptors -CCC send impulse down vagus nerve -> decrease firing rate of SA node -decreasing HR -decreasing oxygen to muscles

Name the typical resting value for heart rate

70- 72 bpm

Name the typical resting value for stroke volume for an untrained and trained performer

70ml - untrained 100ml - trained

Name the typical resting value for cardiac output for an untrained and trained individual

5 l/min - untrained 5l/ min - trained

What is bradycardia

resting heart rate below 60bpm

Describe heart rates response to maximal exercise

--anticipatory rise before exercise -rapid increase in heart rate -slower increase -rapid decrease -slower decrease

Describe stroke volume during the early stages of recovery

-SV = maintained as HR rapidly reduces -this maintains blood flow & removal of waste products

Describe what happens to cardiac output in recovery

-rapid decrease followed by slower decrease to resting levels