1.2 Cardiovascular and respiratory systems Flashcards
Name the two circuits for moving the blood?
pulmonary circuit
systemic circuit
What is the pulmonary circuit?
circulation of deoxygenated blood through pulmoary arteries to lungs & pulmonary veins back to heart
What is the systemic circuit?
circulation of oxygenated blood through aorta -> body and deoxygenated blood back through vena cava back -> heart
What are the four heart chambers?
right atrium, left atrium, right ventricle, right ventricle
What are the four heart valves?
- tricuspid valve
- bicuspid valve
- pulmonary semilunar valve
- aortic semilunar valve
Why is it better to have a more efficient cardiovascular system
the greater the capacity to remove waste products from muscles
Describe the left side of the heart
-has thicker muscular wall which can contract with more force
-circulates oxygenated blood from lungs to muscles and organs
Describe the right side of the heart
-contracts to circulate deoxygentaed blood from body to lungs
What type of muscle is in the heart?
cardiac muscle
Explain the flow of blood through the left side of the heart
blood oxygentaed at lungs
pulmonary veins –>
left atrium –>
bicuspid valve –>
left ventricle –>
aortic semilunar valve –> aorta –>
body tissues
Explain the flow of blood through the right side of the heart
deoxygentaed blood arrives from muscles and organs to right atria
vena cave –>
right atrium –>
tricuspid valve –>
right ventricle –>
pulmonary semilunar valve-> pulmonary artery –>
lungs
What is oxygenated blood
blood with oxygen and nutrients
What is deoxygenated blood
blood depleted of oxygen, saturated with carbon dioxide and waste products
What is the conduction system
-structures in cardiac muscle
creates, transmits electrical impulse
forcing atria and ventricles to contract
Name the 5 sturctures that make up the conduction system
(SABBP)
-Sino-atrial node (SA NODE)
-Atrio-ventricular node (AV NODE)
-Bundle of His
-Bundle branches
-Purkyne fibres
The cardiac muscle is myogenic
-what is myogenic
-capacity of the heart to generate its own electrical impulse- causes cardiac muscle to contract
What is the SA node?
in wall of right atrium. sends impulse across both atria causing atrial systole (contraction)
What is the AV node
in middle wall of heart between atria and ventricles
receives impulse from the SA node, delays for a moment to allow for atrial systole to finish and sends it down the bundle of His
What is the Bundles of His
middle of wall of heart. Transmits impulses to the bottom of the right and left side of the heart
What are the Purkinje fibres
in walls of ventricles, cause impulse to penetrate into ventricle walls causing ventricular systole
What is a diastole
-relaxation phase of cardiac muscle where blood chambers fill with blood
What is a systole
contraction phase of cardiac muscle where blood is ejected into aorta and pulmonary artery
What is atrial diastole
when atrium is relaxing- atria fills with blood blood from vena cava and pulmonary vein. AV valves closed. Atrial pressure rises above ventricular pressure. Blood starts to pass passively into ventricles
What is atrial systole
when atrium is contracting
What is ventricular diastole
when ventricle is relaxing
What is ventricular systole
when ventricle is contracting
What is the cardiac cycle
cardiac muscle contraction & the movement of blood through its chambers
What does one complete cardiac cycle represent
sequence of events involved in a single heartbeat
What is heart rate
-number of times heart beats per min
UNTRAINED
-rest- 70-72
-max- 220 - age
TRAINED
-rest- 50
-max 220- age
What is stroke volume
-volume of blood ejected from left ventricle per beat
UNTRAINED
-rest -> 70ml/ beat
-max -> 100-120ml
TRAINED
-rest -> 100ml/ beat
-max -> 160-200ml
What is cardiac output
-volume of blood ejected from left ventricle per min
UNTRAINED
-rest 5l/min
-max 20-30l/min
TRAINED
-rese 5l/min
-max 30-40l/min
How can cardiac output be calculated
heart rate x stroke volume
Name the 2 types of exercise that occurs when the cardiovascular system responds to exercise and recovery
-sub-maximal
-maximal
What is sub-maximal exercise
exericse at low-to-moderate- intensity within performers aerobic capcity or below anaerobic threshold
-associated with aerobic work
What is maximal exercise
exercise at high intensity
above performers aerobic capacity -> exhaustion
-associated with anaerobic work and fatigue
What occurs to heart rate during sub-maximal intensity exercise
during sub-maximal intensity exercise heart rate can plateau (level out) as we reach a steady state
What occurs to heart rate during maximal intensity exercise
during maximal intensity exercise heart rate doesn’t plateau as intensity continues to increase
Describe heart rates response to sub-maximal exercise
-initial anticipatory rise in HR prior to exercise- due to adrenaline
-rapid increase in HR at start of exercise to increase blood flow and oxygen delivery
-a steady state HR throughout sustained intensity exercise as oxygen meets demand
-initial rapid decrease in HR as recovery is entered- muscle pump reduces
-more gradual decrease in HR to resting levels
Does heart rate plateau in sub-maximal intensity
can plateau as we reach a comfortable, steady state
Does heart rate plateau in maximal intensity
-heart rate does not plateau as exercise intensity continues to increase
What is increased venous return
volume of blood that returns from body to heart
What happens to venous return during exercise
-venous return increases
-greater volume of blood returning to heart and filling ventricles
-due to the squeezing action of muscular contraction
What does the Frank-Starling mechanism show
shows how stroke vol is dependent on venous return
What does an increased venous return lead to on Frank Starlings mechanims
^ stroke vol- due to increased stretch of ventricle walls- force of contraction
What part of the body gets involved when the heart rate needs to increase or decrease
brain gets involved: known as cardiac control or regulation of heart rate
What involuntarily regulates heart rate and determines the firing range of the SA node
the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
What does the cardiac control centre do
receives info from sensory nerves and sends direction through motor nerves to change heart rate
Name the 3 control mechanisms that determine the action of the CCC
-neural control
-intrinsic control
-hormonal control
What is the cardiac control centre
control centre in the medulla oblongata responsible for HR regulation
give a typical resting value for stroke volume for a trained individual
80–120ml
Name the 2 processes in the cardiac cycle
-cardiac diastole
-cardiac systole
What is cardiovascular system responsible for
delivering oxygen from air to muscle tissues for repsiration
What nervous system responds if increase in HR is required
-sympathetic nervous system
-responds by releasing adrenaline, noradrenaline,
-stimulating SA node to ^ HR
What nervous system is required when there needs to be a decrease in HR
parasympathetic
-reduce stimulation of SA node - reducing HR
Explain the process that occurs in the sympathetic nervous system to increase HR
-SNS -> controlled by CCC
-CCC receives info from receptors
-CCC sends impulses down accelerator nerve to ^ firing rate of SA node
-^ HR
-^ oxygen to working muscles
Explain the process that occurs in the parasympathetic nervous system
-reduces HR
-controlled by CCC
-CCC recives info from receptors
-CCC send impulse down vagus nerve -> decrease firing rate of SA node
-decreasing HR
-decreasing oxygen to muscles
Name the typical resting value for heart rate
70- 72 bpm
Name the typical resting value for stroke volume for an untrained and trained performer
70ml - untrained
100ml - trained
Name the typical resting value for cardiac output for an untrained and trained individual
5 l/min - untrained
5l/ min - trained
What is bradycardia
resting heart rate below 60bpm
Describe heart rates response to maximal exercise
–anticipatory rise before exercise
-rapid increase in heart rate
-slower increase
-rapid decrease
-slower decrease
Describe stroke volume during the early stages of recovery
-SV = maintained as HR rapidly reduces
-this maintains blood flow & removal of waste products
Describe what happens to cardiac output in recovery
-rapid decrease followed by slower decrease to resting levels
