5.1 Individual Differences Flashcards by Ellie-Mae Beeton

Definition of personality

the patterns of thoughts & feelings and the ways which we interact with our environment & others

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name characteristics of type A personalities

-highly competitive
-strong desire to succeed
-works fast
-likes to be in control
-prone to suffer stress

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name characteristics of type B personalities

-non competitive
-unambitious
-works more slwoly
-doesn’t enjoy being in control
-less prone to stress

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the narrow band approach

it splits personalities into 2 types; type A & type B

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Why is it beneficial for a coach to know if his players are type A or B personalities

makes a coaxh more aware of a players anxiety levels -> suggesting coping strategies

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the stable and unstable personality trait apporach

stable personality trait -> unchangeable, constant -> someone who doesn’t swing from one emotion to another

unstable personalit trait -> changeable, unpredictable -> highly anxious

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is extroversion

-ppl who seek social situations, outgoing

-lacks concentration

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is introversion

-ppl who don’t seek situation, shy, quiet

-good at concentrating

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does the social learning theory of personality

suggests our personalities are shaped by those around us rather than inherited

-we learn from our role models; friends, family, coaches

-explains why we are like those significant to us

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What does the interactionist theory of personality

approach recognises both trait theory & social learning theory have role in determining personality

-suggests we base behaviour on inherent traits then adapt to situs

e.g. sports person being shy off court, but loud on court

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is an attitude

a predisposition to act in a particular way towards an attitude object (person, situ)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name 7 factors affectinjg attitude formation

-social groups develop attitudes
-peers
-religious beliefs
-role models
-cultural factors
-education
-media

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the 3 components that make up an attitude through the triadic model of attitude (CAB)

1) cognitive component -> belief/ knowledge a person has about attitude object

2) affective component -> emotional aspect of an attitude -> good feeing?

3) behavioural component -> response/ behaviour towards attitude object

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Give an example of the triadic model

cognitive component -> running helps to improve my cardiovascular system/running is good for me

affective component -> I enjoy the physical feeling when I run/I enjoy running with my friend

behavioural component -> I believe running has fitness benefits and the activity is enjoyable - therefore I will run.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name 5 factors that form positive attitudes

-belief in benefits of exercise
-enjoyable experiences in sport
-being good at a sport
-being excited by the challenges of sport
-using sport as stress release

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name 5 factors that form negative attitudes

-not believing in benefits of exercise
-bad past experince
-lack of ability
-fear of taking part
-sport causing stress

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name the 3 components of the triadic model

-cognitive component
-affective componennt
-behavioural component

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Name 2 methods of changing attitudes

-persuasive communication
-cognitive dissonance

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is persuasive cokmmunication

an active, non-coercive attempt to reinforce/ change attitude of others

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The effectveness of persuasion depends on what 3 things

-perusader -> person needs to have importance to the person they are persuading

-message -> must be clear, accurate, believable

-recipient -> recipient must want to change their attitude

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Give an example of cognitive dissonance

rugby player believes aerobics is too girlie

-coach tells him some of the fittest ppl do aerobics to improve stamina

-changes players attiutde

-player now does aerobics

What is cognitive dissonance

situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviours

e.g. rugby player thinks aerobic is girlie -> coach tells him some of fittest ppl do aerobics -> causes change in attitude -> he does aerobics

What is aggression

Any behaviour that is intended to harm outside the rules of the sports event

What is assertion

Forceful behaviour within the laws of the event

Name the 4 theories of aggression

-instinct theory of aggression -frustation-aggression hypothesis -social learning theory -aggressive cue hypothesis

What is the instinct theory of aggression

-views aggression as being natural response, instinctive -been important part of evolutionary development of our species -> surviva; -Lorenz believed that _aggression__ needs to be released, either through an antisocial act or via more __acceptable__ behaviour, such as a sports competition.

What is the aggressive cue hypothesiss

-for aggression to occur certain stimuli must be present -these stimuli are cues for the performer subconsciously linked to aggression (hockey stick) -frustration -> arousal, anger -> creates readiness for aggression

What is the social learning theory of aggression

-bandura states we learn to be aggressive in sport if we see significant others being agressive -disputes idea that we have natural agressive drives towards goals -

What is an optimistic view in aggression

the idea that if sports ppl can learn aggressive behaviour, they can also learn non-agressive tendancies

What is self actualisation

individuals desire to explore & understand the world -> can grow and reach their potential

What is arousal

energised state/ readiness for action -that motivates us to behave in a particular way

What is motivation

internal mechanisms and external stimuli which arouse & direct our behaviour

Name 3 considerations motivation has

-inner drive towards achieving a goal -external pressures & rewards we perceive -intensity (arousal lvl) & direction of behaviour

What is drive

driected, motivated behaviour an individual has towards achieveing a certain goal

Name the 2 types of motivation

intrinsic -> drive from within extrinisc -> comes from outside source -> trophy/ rewards

Name the 2 types of arousal

-somatic -> changing physilogical state of body (^ HR) -cognitive -> changing psychological state of body (^ anxiety)

Name the 3 theories of arousal

-drive theory -inverted U theory -catastrophe theory

What is the drive theory

linear relationship between performance & arousal -> performance ^ as arousal does -low arousal -> low performance -high arousal -> high performance

Key points of the drive theory

-motor programmes already learned are the dominant response -dominant response -> more likely to occur when arousal ^

How does the experience of the performer differ in the drive theory

-^ arousal = beneficial for experts -> dominant behaviour -> tend to produce a response thats fluent -opposite for a novice learner

What does the inverted U theory state

arousal improves performance to an optimum level -past this point performance begins to decrease

How can under-arousal negatively affect performance

-difficult to direct & focus attention -concentration = lost -> attentional field- too wide -info overload - prevents decision making

How can optimum arousal benefit performance

-performer able to learn, concdentrate -^ capacity to concentrate -> most important cues absorbed -more accurate decision amking

How can over-arousal negatively affect performance

-relevant environmental cues are lost -concentration is impacted -

Name the persoanlity type of those who can cope in a high arousal situation and those who cope better in low arousal states

-extrovert -introvert

Name the 3 types of skill that are better performed with high arousal and 3 types of skills better performed with low arousal

gross, simple, closed fine, complex, open

Name the 3 types of skill that are better performed with high arousal and 3 types of skills better performed with low arousal

gross, simple, closed fine, complex, open

Explain the castastrophe theory

as arousal ^ performace ^ -but performance reaches max potential at optimum lvl only if cognitive arousal anxiety = low

What is anxiety

negative aspect of experiencing stress -caused by worry, apprehension or fear of failure

What is state anxiety

anxiety felt in a particular situation

Name the 2 types of state anxiety

-somatic- body's response -cognitive- psychological worry over the situ