5.1 Individual Differences Flashcards
Definition of personality
the patterns of thoughts & feelings and the ways which we interact with our environment & others
Name characteristics of type A personalities
-highly competitive
-strong desire to succeed
-works fast
-likes to be in control
-prone to suffer stress
Name characteristics of type B personalities
-non competitive
-unambitious
-works more slwoly
-doesn’t enjoy being in control
-less prone to stress
What is the narrow band approach
it splits personalities into 2 types; type A & type B
Why is it beneficial for a coach to know if his players are type A or B personalities
makes a coaxh more aware of a players anxiety levels -> suggesting coping strategies
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What is the stable and unstable personality trait apporach
stable personality trait -> unchangeable, constant -> someone who doesn’t swing from one emotion to another
unstable personalit trait -> changeable, unpredictable -> highly anxious
What is extroversion
-ppl who seek social situations, outgoing
-lacks concentration
What is introversion
-ppl who don’t seek situation, shy, quiet
-good at concentrating
What does the social learning theory of personality
suggests our personalities are shaped by those around us rather than inherited
-we learn from our role models; friends, family, coaches
-explains why we are like those significant to us
What does the interactionist theory of personality
approach recognises both trait theory & social learning theory have role in determining personality
-suggests we base behaviour on inherent traits then adapt to situs
e.g. sports person being shy off court, but loud on court
What is an attitude
a predisposition to act in a particular way towards an attitude object (person, situ)
Name 7 factors affectinjg attitude formation
-social groups develop attitudes
-peers
-religious beliefs
-role models
-cultural factors
-education
-media
Name the 3 components that make up an attitude through the triadic model of attitude (CAB)
1) cognitive component -> belief/ knowledge a person has about attitude object
2) affective component -> emotional aspect of an attitude -> good feeing?
3) behavioural component -> response/ behaviour towards attitude object
Give an example of the triadic model
cognitive component -> running helps to improve my cardiovascular system/running is good for me
affective component -> I enjoy the physical feeling when I run/I enjoy running with my friend
behavioural component -> I believe running has fitness benefits and the activity is enjoyable - therefore I will run.
Name 5 factors that form positive attitudes
-belief in benefits of exercise
-enjoyable experiences in sport
-being good at a sport
-being excited by the challenges of sport
-using sport as stress release
Name 5 factors that form negative attitudes
-not believing in benefits of exercise
-bad past experince
-lack of ability
-fear of taking part
-sport causing stress
Name the 3 components of the triadic model
-cognitive component
-affective componennt
-behavioural component
Name 2 methods of changing attitudes
-persuasive communication
-cognitive dissonance
What is persuasive cokmmunication
an active, non-coercive attempt to reinforce/ change attitude of others
The effectveness of persuasion depends on what 3 things
-perusader -> person needs to have importance to the person they are persuading
-message -> must be clear, accurate, believable
-recipient -> recipient must want to change their attitude
Give an example of cognitive dissonance
rugby player believes aerobics is too girlie
-coach tells him some of the fittest ppl do aerobics to improve stamina
-changes players attiutde
-player now does aerobics
What is cognitive dissonance
situation involving conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviours
e.g. rugby player thinks aerobic is girlie -> coach tells him some of fittest ppl do aerobics -> causes change in attitude -> he does aerobics
What is aggression
Any behaviour that is intended to harm outside the rules of the sports event
What is assertion
Forceful behaviour within the laws of the event
Name the 4 theories of aggression
-instinct theory of aggression
-frustation-aggression hypothesis
-social learning theory
-aggressive cue hypothesis
What is the instinct theory of aggression
-views aggression as being natural response, instinctive
-been important part of evolutionary development of our species -> surviva;
-Lorenz believed that _aggression__ needs to be released, either through an antisocial act or via more __acceptable__ behaviour, such as a sports competition.
What is the aggressive cue hypothesiss
-for aggression to occur certain stimuli must be present
-these stimuli are cues for the performer subconsciously linked to aggression (hockey stick)
-frustration -> arousal, anger -> creates readiness for aggression
What is the social learning theory of aggression
-bandura states we learn to be aggressive in sport if we see significant others being agressive
-disputes idea that we have natural agressive drives towards goals
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What is an optimistic view in aggression
the idea that if sports ppl can learn aggressive behaviour, they can also learn non-agressive tendancies
What is self actualisation
individuals desire to explore & understand the world -> can grow and reach their potential
What is arousal
energised state/ readiness for action
-that motivates us to behave in a particular way
What is motivation
internal mechanisms and external stimuli which arouse & direct our behaviour
Name 3 considerations motivation has
-inner drive towards achieving a goal
-external pressures & rewards we perceive
-intensity (arousal lvl) & direction of behaviour
What is drive
driected, motivated behaviour an individual has towards achieveing a certain goal
Name the 2 types of motivation
intrinsic -> drive from within
extrinisc -> comes from outside source -> trophy/ rewards
Name the 2 types of arousal
-somatic -> changing physilogical state of body (^ HR)
-cognitive -> changing psychological state of body (^ anxiety)
Name the 3 theories of arousal
-drive theory
-inverted U theory
-catastrophe theory
What is the drive theory
linear relationship between performance & arousal -> performance ^ as arousal does
-low arousal -> low performance
-high arousal -> high performance
Key points of the drive theory
-motor programmes already learned are the dominant response
-dominant response -> more likely to occur when arousal ^
How does the experience of the performer differ in the drive theory
-^ arousal = beneficial for experts -> dominant behaviour -> tend to produce a response thats fluent
-opposite for a novice learner
What does the inverted U theory state
arousal improves performance to an optimum level
-past this point performance begins to decrease
How can under-arousal negatively affect performance
-difficult to direct & focus attention
-concentration = lost -> attentional field- too wide
-info overload - prevents decision making
How can optimum arousal benefit performance
-performer able to learn, concdentrate
-^ capacity to concentrate -> most important cues absorbed
-more accurate decision amking
How can over-arousal negatively affect performance
-relevant environmental cues are lost
-concentration is impacted
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Name the persoanlity type of those who can cope in a high arousal situation and those who cope better in low arousal states
-extrovert
-introvert
Name the 3 types of skill that are better performed with high arousal and 3 types of skills better performed with low arousal
gross, simple, closed
fine, complex, open
Name the 3 types of skill that are better performed with high arousal and 3 types of skills better performed with low arousal
gross, simple, closed
fine, complex, open
Explain the castastrophe theory
as arousal ^ performace ^
-but performance reaches max potential at optimum lvl only if cognitive arousal anxiety = low
What is anxiety
negative aspect of experiencing stress
-caused by worry, apprehension or fear of failure
What is state anxiety
anxiety felt in a particular situation
Name the 2 types of state anxiety
-somatic- body’s response
-cognitive- psychological worry over the situ
