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A Physiology > 6.1. Regulation in the gastrointestinal tract: enteric nervous system and gastrointestinal hormones. > Flashcards

6.1. Regulation in the gastrointestinal tract: enteric nervous system and gastrointestinal hormones. Flashcards

1
Q

I. Main functions of the gastrointestinal system
1. What are the Main functions of the gastrointestinal system?

A
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2
Q

I. Main functions of the gastrointestinal system
2. One of the main functions of GI system is
“Involvement in water and electrolyte balance”
=> Give an example to explain this function further

A

Example: cholera
=> cardiovascular shock, because e.g. 15L loss of water (+ electrolytes)
=> decrease in perfusion of vital organs (deadly!)

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3
Q

I. Main functions of the gastrointestinal system
3. One of the main functions of GI system is
“Immune functions”
=> Give an example to explain this function further

A
  • 80% of immune cells are found in the GI-wall, because many (harmful) bacteria and viruses are present in the GI-tract
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4
Q

II. Regulation of the GI-system
1. What are the 3 major control mechanisms in the GI-system?

A

(1) neural
(2) endocrine
(3) paracrine

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5
Q

II. Regulation of the GI-system
2A. What are the features of neural regulation of GI-system?

A
  • The GI-tract is regulated by the autonomic nervous system, which has an extrinsic component (SYM + PARA innervation = CNS) and an intrinsic component (enteric nervous system – ENS)
  • ENS is contained in the submucosal and myenteric plexuses.
  • The ENS and CNS work together to regulate the
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6
Q

II. Regulation of the GI-system
2B. Where can you find enteric nervous system (ENS)?

A

In the submucosal and myenteric plexuses.

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7
Q

II. Regulation of the GI-system
2C. What are the 3 types of neural regulation involved?

A
  1. Parasympathetic (PARA)
  2. Sympathetic (SYM): INHIBITORY EFFECT!
  3. Enteric nervous system (ENS)
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8
Q

II. Regulation of the GI-system - .Neural regulation
2D. How does Parasympathetic (PARA) neural regulation occur?

A
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9
Q

II. Regulation of the GI-system - Neural regulation
2E. How does Sympathetic (SYM) neural regulation occur?

A
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10
Q

II. Regulation of the GI-system - Neural regulation
2F. How does neural regulation occur in Enteric nervous system (ENS)?

A
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11
Q

II. Regulation of the GI-system - Neural regulation - Enteric nervous system (ENS)
2G. What is the role of opioids?

A

opioids have an inhibitory effect = stop the motility
=> no bowel movement (constipation)

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12
Q

II. Regulation of the GI-system - Neural regulation - Enteric nervous system (ENS)
2H1. Classification of NT in ENS

A
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13
Q

II. Regulation of the GI-system - Neural regulation - Enteric nervous system (ENS)
2H2. What are non-peptides NT in ENS?

A
  • ACh
  • Serotonin
  • ATP
  • NO
  • Glutamate
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14
Q

II. Regulation of the GI-system - Neural regulation - Enteric nervous system (ENS)
2H3. What are peptides NT in ENS?

A
  • Substance P (SP)
  • Opioids
  • GRP
  • VIP
  • Stomatostatin
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15
Q

II. Regulation of the GI-system - Neural regulation - Enteric nervous system (ENS)
2I. Make a schematic diagram of GI reflexes?

A
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16
Q

II. Regulation of the GI-system - Endocrine regulation
3A. What happen in endocrine regulation?

A
  • Enteroendocrine cell (EEC) is the sensor cell in the GI- tract. EEC responds to a stimulus by secreting a regulatory peptide/hormone that reaches its target cells by travelling in the bloodstream.
  • Many GI hormones (mostly peptides) act as neurotransmitters in the ENS and in the brain.
  • The synthesis and secretion are caused by specific stimuli, and regulates the functions of self/other cells.
17
Q

II. Regulation of the GI-system - Endocrine regulation
3B. What are the 7 hormones participating in endocrine regulation

A
  1. CCK (cholecystokinin)
  2. Gastrin
  3. Secretin
  4. GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide) / (glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide)
  5. Ghrelin
  6. Aldosterone
  7. Calcitriol
18
Q

II. Regulation of the GI-system - Endocrine regulation
3C. What are the functions of aldosterone and calcitriol?

A

Also aldosterone (Na+, K+) and calcitriol (↑ uptake of Ca2+-ions from lumen)

19
Q

II. Regulation of the GI-system - Endocrine regulation
3D. Fill in the gap - CKK

A
20
Q

II. Regulation of the GI-system - Endocrine regulation
3E. Fill in the gap - Gastrin

A
21
Q

II. Regulation of the GI-system - Endocrine regulation
3F. Fill in the gap - Secretin

A
22
Q

II. Regulation of the GI-system - Endocrine regulation
3F. Fill in the gap - GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide) / (glucose- dependent insulinotropic peptide)

A
23
Q

II. Regulation of the GI-system - Endocrine regulation
3G. Fill in the gap - Ghrelin

A
24
Q

II. Regulation of the GI-system - Paracrine regulation
4A. What are the features of paracrine regulation?

A

A regulatory substance will be released from a sensor cell and act on a nearby target cell.

25
Q

II. Regulation of the GI-system - Paracrine regulation
4B. What are the 3 paracrine mediators?

A
  1. Serotonin (5-HT)
  2. Histamine
  3. Somatostatin
26
Q

II. Regulation of the GI-system - Paracrine regulation
4C. Fill in the gap - Serotonin

A
27
Q

II. Regulation of the GI-system - Paracrine regulation
4D. Fill in the gap - Histamine

A
28
Q

II. Regulation of the GI-system - Paracrine regulation
4E. Fill in the gap - Somatostatin

A

A Physiology (88 decks)

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