1.2. Structure, permeability and transport functions of the cell membrane. Transepithelial transports Flashcards
Structure of the cell membrane
a/ General composition of cell membrane?
Cells membrane are composed of
- Phospholipids (primary)
- Proteins
- Cholesterols
- Glycolipids
Structure of the cell membrane
b/ What are the types of lipids that make up the cell membrane?
- Phospholipids
- Glycolipids
Structure of the cell membrane
b/ Structure and function of phospholipids?
Structures
- Phospholipids are amphipathic
- hydrophobic fatty acid tails pointing inwards
- hydrophilic glycerol head
(most abundant: choline-containing = sphingomyelin)
Role: form a selectively permeable membrane
Structure of the cell membrane
c/ Structure and function of glycolipids?
Structure: sugar group attached to fatty acids
Function: maintenance of cell stability and also for cellular recognition (e.g, antigens for ABO blood group)
Structure of the cell membrane
d/ 4 general functions of lipids
- Transport of molecules
- Source of 2nd messenger
- E.g, Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate = PIP2) - Signal transduction
- with Gq G-protein coupled
- receptor activation, the PIP2 in the membrane is cleaved by phospholipase C,
- releasing IP3, which leads to increased IC Ca2+ - Provide surface
Structure of the cell membrane
e/ What are the 5 types of phospholipids? What are their localizations and roles?
Structure of the cell membrane
f/ A type of glycolipids? What are their localization and role?
Glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol
- Localization: Outer leaflet
- Role: Protein-anchor
Structure of the cell membrane
f/ What are localization and role of cholesterol?
Cholesterol
- Localization: Inner/outer leaflet
- Role: Membrane fluidity, lipid raft
Structure of the cell membrane
g/ What are the 3 types of plasma membrane protein?
- Integral proteins
- Lipid-anchored proteins
- Peripheral proteins
Structure of the cell membrane
h/ What are the location and function of integral membrane proteins?
- Location: Embedded in the membrane by their hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts
- Include Transmembrane proteins
- Function: cross the membrane multiple times, allowing contact with both ECF and ICF
Structure of the cell membrane
i/ What are the location and function of lipid-anchored proteins?
Location: Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-bound proteins
Role: Lipid modification (palmytoilation)
Structure of the cell membrane
j/ Location of peripheral proteins
Loosely bound to plasma membrane
- Permeability of the cell membrane?
- The lipid component means that the cell is…
- permeable to lipid- soluble substances
+) CO2, O2, fatty acids, NO and steroid hormones.
- Impermeable to water-soluble substances
+) ions, glucose and amino acids. - The protein component functions as transporters, enzymes, hormone receptors, antigens and ion and water channels.
- Transport function of plasma membrane
a/ Classification of transport processes through the plasma membrane
- Simple diffusion
- Protein-mediated membrane transport
a/ Solute carriers (facilitated diffusion)
b/ ATP-dependent carriers (pumps)
c/ Ion channels
d/ Water channels - Vesicular transport
a. Endocytosis
- Pinocytosis
- Phagocytosis
- Receptor-mediated cytosis
b. Exocytosis
- Transport function of plasma membrane
a/ Characteristics, driving force and mechanism of simple diffusion
- Passive transport (not require energy)
- Linearly related with concentration gradient -> no saturation
- Driving force: chemical gradient (concentration difference)
- Particles diffuse from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration - Mechanism of diffusion: random movement of solute due to the Brownian motion
- Transport function of plasma membrane
b/ How is Fick’s first law on Diffusion related to simple diffusion?
J = net rate of diffusion (in moles per unit time)
D = diffusion coefficient (tells how easy it is for something to diffuse (bigger molecules have smaller D’s))
A = area, across which the diffusion is occurring
∆x= distance, along which the diffusion is occurring
∆c= concentration difference
- Transport function of plasma membrane
c/ What are the Properties of simple diffusion in the case of membrane (5 - Characteristics, driving force, rate depends on., substance that can pass,…)
1/ Diffusion through the lipid bilayer
2/ Driving force: concentration difference between the 2 sides of the membrane (∆c)
3/ Thickness of the membrane (∆x)
4/ Rate depends on the hydrophobicity and the size of the solute (D)
5/ Substances that can participate in simple diffusion
- O2, CO, CO2, NO, urea, hydrophobic hormones
- (H2O, ions, glucose)
- Glucose can use glucose transporters
- No peptides, no proteins, no disaccharide
- Transport function of plasma membrane
- Protein-mediated membrane transport 1
a/ What type of transport proteins can be?
Channels and carriers
- Transport function of plasma membrane
- Protein-mediated membrane transport. 1
b/ Definition, characteristics and role of channels/gates?
Channels: which are gates that can alter between blocking or allowing passive transport
- passive, gated, fast transport
- can be saturated, but only with rare and extremely high ion concentration
- protein must undergo a conformational change (gated)
- Transport function of plasma membrane
- Protein-mediated membrane transport 1
c/ Definition, characteristics and role of carriers=enzymes?
Carriers: are enzymes that allow specific substances to cross
- Passive, cyclic, slow transport
- Can be saturated
- Protein must undergo a conformational change (cyclic)
- Carried charge can be electroneutral or electrogenic (ions)
- Transport function of plasma membrane
- Protein-mediated membrane transport 2
a/ Main classification of protein-mediated membrane transport
1/ Facilitated transport (facilitated diffusion)
- Passive transport not linked to metabolic energy
2/ Active transport, linked to metabolic energy
a/ Direct/primary active transport – pump
b/ Indirect/ secondary active transport - Works together with a pump
- Transport function of plasma membrane
- Protein-mediated membrane transport 2
b/ Other classifications of protein-mediated membrane transport
1/ Based on direction of solutes
- Uniporter
- Contransport: symport and antiport
2/ Based on carried charge
- Electroneutral
- Electrogenic