1.2. Structure, permeability and transport functions of the cell membrane. Transepithelial transports Flashcards

1
Q

Structure of the cell membrane
a/ General composition of cell membrane?

A

Cells membrane are composed of
- Phospholipids (primary)
- Proteins
- Cholesterols
- Glycolipids

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2
Q

Structure of the cell membrane
b/ What are the types of lipids that make up the cell membrane?

A
  1. Phospholipids
  2. Glycolipids
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3
Q

Structure of the cell membrane
b/ Structure and function of phospholipids?

A

Structures
- Phospholipids are amphipathic
- hydrophobic fatty acid tails pointing inwards
- hydrophilic glycerol head
(most abundant: choline-containing = sphingomyelin)

Role: form a selectively permeable membrane

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4
Q

Structure of the cell membrane
c/ Structure and function of glycolipids?

A

Structure: sugar group attached to fatty acids
Function: maintenance of cell stability and also for cellular recognition (e.g, antigens for ABO blood group)

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5
Q

Structure of the cell membrane
d/ 4 general functions of lipids

A
  1. Transport of molecules
  2. Source of 2nd messenger
    - E.g, Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate = PIP2)
  3. Signal transduction
    - with Gq G-protein coupled
    - receptor activation, the PIP2 in the membrane is cleaved by phospholipase C,
    - releasing IP3, which leads to increased IC Ca2+
  4. Provide surface
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6
Q

Structure of the cell membrane
e/ What are the 5 types of phospholipids? What are their localizations and roles?

A
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7
Q

Structure of the cell membrane
f/ A type of glycolipids? What are their localization and role?

A

Glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol
- Localization: Outer leaflet
- Role: Protein-anchor

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8
Q

Structure of the cell membrane
f/ What are localization and role of cholesterol?

A

Cholesterol
- Localization: Inner/outer leaflet
- Role: Membrane fluidity, lipid raft

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9
Q

Structure of the cell membrane
g/ What are the 3 types of plasma membrane protein?

A
  1. Integral proteins
  2. Lipid-anchored proteins
  3. Peripheral proteins
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10
Q

Structure of the cell membrane
h/ What are the location and function of integral membrane proteins?

A
  • Location: Embedded in the membrane by their hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts
  • Include Transmembrane proteins
  • Function: cross the membrane multiple times, allowing contact with both ECF and ICF
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11
Q

Structure of the cell membrane
i/ What are the location and function of lipid-anchored proteins?

A

Location: Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-bound proteins
Role: Lipid modification (palmytoilation)

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12
Q

Structure of the cell membrane
j/ Location of peripheral proteins

A

Loosely bound to plasma membrane

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13
Q
  1. Permeability of the cell membrane?
A
  1. The lipid component means that the cell is…
    - permeable to lipid- soluble substances
    +) CO2, O2, fatty acids, NO and steroid hormones.
    - Impermeable to water-soluble substances
    +) ions, glucose and amino acids.
  2. The protein component functions as transporters, enzymes, hormone receptors, antigens and ion and water channels.
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14
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    a/ Classification of transport processes through the plasma membrane
A
  1. Simple diffusion
  2. Protein-mediated membrane transport
    a/ Solute carriers (facilitated diffusion)
    b/ ATP-dependent carriers (pumps)
    c/ Ion channels
    d/ Water channels
  3. Vesicular transport
    a. Endocytosis
    - Pinocytosis
    - Phagocytosis
    - Receptor-mediated cytosis
    b. Exocytosis
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15
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    a/ Characteristics, driving force and mechanism of simple diffusion
A
  1. Passive transport (not require energy)
  2. Linearly related with concentration gradient -> no saturation
  3. Driving force: chemical gradient (concentration difference)
    - Particles diffuse from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
  4. Mechanism of diffusion: random movement of solute due to the Brownian motion
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16
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    b/ How is Fick’s first law on Diffusion related to simple diffusion?
A

J = net rate of diffusion (in moles per unit time)
D = diffusion coefficient (tells how easy it is for something to diffuse (bigger molecules have smaller D’s))
A = area, across which the diffusion is occurring
∆x= distance, along which the diffusion is occurring
∆c= concentration difference

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17
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    c/ What are the Properties of simple diffusion in the case of membrane (5 - Characteristics, driving force, rate depends on., substance that can pass,…)
A

1/ Diffusion through the lipid bilayer
2/ Driving force: concentration difference between the 2 sides of the membrane (∆c)
3/ Thickness of the membrane (∆x)
4/ Rate depends on the hydrophobicity and the size of the solute (D)
5/ Substances that can participate in simple diffusion
- O2, CO, CO2, NO, urea, hydrophobic hormones
- (H2O, ions, glucose)
- Glucose can use glucose transporters
- No peptides, no proteins, no disaccharide

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18
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Protein-mediated membrane transport 1
    a/ What type of transport proteins can be?
A

Channels and carriers

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19
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Protein-mediated membrane transport. 1
    b/ Definition, characteristics and role of channels/gates?
A

Channels: which are gates that can alter between blocking or allowing passive transport
- passive, gated, fast transport
- can be saturated, but only with rare and extremely high ion concentration
- protein must undergo a conformational change (gated)

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20
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Protein-mediated membrane transport 1
    c/ Definition, characteristics and role of carriers=enzymes?
A

Carriers: are enzymes that allow specific substances to cross
- Passive, cyclic, slow transport
- Can be saturated
- Protein must undergo a conformational change (cyclic)
- Carried charge can be electroneutral or electrogenic (ions)

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21
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Protein-mediated membrane transport 2
    a/ Main classification of protein-mediated membrane transport
A

1/ Facilitated transport (facilitated diffusion)
- Passive transport not linked to metabolic energy

2/ Active transport, linked to metabolic energy
a/ Direct/primary active transport – pump
b/ Indirect/ secondary active transport - Works together with a pump

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22
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Protein-mediated membrane transport 2
    b/ Other classifications of protein-mediated membrane transport
A

1/ Based on direction of solutes
- Uniporter
- Contransport: symport and antiport

2/ Based on carried charge
- Electroneutral
- Electrogenic

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23
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Protein-mediated membrane transport 3
    a/ Characteristics and function of facilitated diffusion
A

1/ Integral plasma membrane protein-mediated
2/ Passive transport, no energy required
3/ Driving force: concentration difference (solutes without charges)
4/ Have saturation kinetics
5/ Chemical specificity
- There can be competition between structurally related molecules
6/ Transport molecules
- Water uses aquaporin channels (Can use simple diffusion but slower)
- Glucose use glucose transporters
- Ions use ion channels

24
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Protein-mediated membrane transport 3
    b/ Structure of GLUT family
A
  • 12 transmembrane segments
  • a single site of N-linked glycosylation
  • a relatively large, central, cytoplasmic linker domain
  • exhibit topologies with both their N and C termini positioned in the cytoplasm
25
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Protein-mediated membrane transport 4
    - Active transport
    a/ Characteristics of active transport?
A
  • Active transport is linked to metabolic energy in some way, usually going against the concentration gradient
  • Using pumps (e.g, ATPase)
26
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Protein-mediated membrane transport 4
    - Active transport
    b/ 4 important examples of active transport?
A

1/ Na+/K+pump pumps 3 Na+ out of the cell and 2 K+ in
2/ Ca2+-ATPase in plasma membrane, which pumps Ca2+ out of the cytosol and into the ECF
3/ Ca2+-ATPase in sarcoplasmic and endoplasmic reticulum (SERCA), which pumps 2 Ca2+ per ATP from cytosol into the sarcoplasmic reticulum or ER (calcium sequestration)
4/ H+-K+-ATPase in the intercalated cells of renal collecting duct

27
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Protein-mediated membrane transport 5
    - Active transport – secondary active transport
    a/ Characteristics of secondary active transport?
A

1/ Secondary active transport uses the potential energy stored by the concentration gradient created by primary active transport (e.g, high EC Na+ concentration)

2/ Types of transporter can be used
- Antiporter
- Symporter
- Uniporter

28
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Protein-mediated membrane transport 5
    - Active transport – secondary active transport
    a/ What are some examples of secondary active transport?
A

Examples of Na+-cotransporter
1/ in TAL Na+/K+/2Cl—cotransporter
2/ in PT SGLT (Sodium glucose transporter)
3/ Na+/amino acid- cotransporter

29
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Protein-mediated membrane transport 6
    a/ What is the role of Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR)?
A

allows chloride ions to move passively across the cell membrane (water secretes with chloride, maintaining the balance of salt and water on many surfaces of the body)

30
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Protein-mediated membrane transport 6
    b/ What is the consequence of lack or mutation in the Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene
A

1, disrupts the function of the chloride channels
- Preventing them from the regulating the flow of chloride ions and water across cell membranes.
- no water secretion
- production of thick and sticky mucus occurs in the lungs, pancreas or other organs.

(In acini of pancreas, no water secretion to dilute enzyme -> pancreatitis)

31
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Protein-mediated membrane transport 7
    a/ Characteristics of Water transport through the membrane
A
  • The water permeability of lipid bilayer is low
  • Protein-mediated transport (aquaporins – 11 isoforms)
  • Passive transport
  • Driving force: osmosis
    +) Water flows to where osmotic concentration is higher
32
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Protein-mediated membrane transport 7
    b/ This is a representation of osmotic water movement and the generation of osmotic pressure. What is the reason for this phenomenon?
A
  • Solute concentration in A is higher than in B
  • Membrane is impermeable is to solute, but permeable to water
33
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Protein-mediated membrane transport 8 - Osmotic measurement
    a/ What is Oncotic pressure?
A
  • Oncotic pressure is the osmotic pressure generated by large molecules (especially proteins) in solution.
34
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Protein-mediated membrane transport 8 - Osmotic measurement
    b/ Give an example of Oncotic pressure based on this figure.
A

When the hydrostatic pressure (oncotic pressure) applied to the solution in chamber A is equal to the osmotic pressure of that solution, there is not net water flow across the membrane

35
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Protein-mediated membrane transport 8 - Osmotic measurement
    c/ What is van’t Hoff’s law?
A
36
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Protein-mediated membrane transport 8 - Osmotic measurement
    d/ What is Osmolarity?
A

1/ Definition: The osmotic pressure generated by the dissolved solute molecules in 1 L of solvent

2/ Measurements are temperature dependent because the volume of the solvent varies with temperature (i.e., the volume is larger at higher temperatures)

3/ Osmolarity = concentration × number of dissociable particles (mOsm/L)
- mOsm/L = mmol/L × number of particles mole

37
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Protein-mediated membrane transport 8 - Osmotic measurement
    e/ What is Osmolality?
A

Definition: The number of molecules dissolved in 1 kg of solvent.

Measurements are is based on the mass of the solvent, is temperature independent

38
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Protein-mediated membrane transport 8 - Osmotic measurement
    f1/ What is the definition of Reflection coefficient (𝞂)?
A

The reflection coefficient, sigma, a measure of the relative ability of the molecule to cross the cell membrane
Kelvin

39
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Protein-mediated membrane transport 8 - Osmotic measurement
    f2/ What is the formula of Reflection coefficient (𝞂)?
A

π = osmotic pressure
n = number of dissociable particles per molecule
c = total solute concentration
R = gas constant
T = temperature in degrees Kelvin

40
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Protein-mediated membrane transport 8 - Osmotic measurement
    f3/ What happen to a solute/molecule when their Reflection coefficient (𝞂) in 3 cases:
    Case 1: σ = 0
    Case 2: σ = 1
    Case 3: 0 < 𝞂 <1?
A

1/ For a molecule that can freely cross the cell membrane, such as urea in the preceding example, σ = 0, and no effective osmotic pressure is exerted (e.g., urea is an ineffective osmole for red blood cells)

2/ σ = 1 for a solute that cannot cross the cell membrane (in the preceding example, sucrose). Such a substance is said to be an effective osmole.

3/ Many molecules are neither completely able nor completely unable to cross cell membranes (i.e., 0 < σ < 1) and generate an osmotic pressure that is only a fraction of what is expected from the molecules’ concentration in solution.

41
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Protein-mediated membrane transport 8 - Osmotic measurement
    g/ What is tonicity of a solution? 3 types of related solutions?
A

The tonicity of a solution is related to the effect of the solution on the volume of a cell.
1/ Isotonic solutions that do not change the volume of a cell are said to be isotonic.
2/ Hypotonic solutions are solutions that cause a cell to swell
3/ Hypertonic solutions are solutions that cause a cell to shrink

42
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Protein-mediated membrane transport 8 - Osmotic measurement
    h/ What is the Relationship between the concentration of plasma proteins in solution and the osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure) that they generate?
A

The magnitude of the osmotic pressure generated by a solution of protein does not conform to van’t Hoff’s law.
- it appears to be related to the size and shape of the protein molecule.
- For example, the correlation to van’t Hoff’s law is more precise with small, globular proteins than with larger protein molecules.

43
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Vesicular transport 1
    - Classification?
A

1/ Endocytosis
- Pinocytosis
- Phagocytosis
- Receptor-mediated endocytosis
2/ Exocytosis

44
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Vesicular transport 2 - Endocytosis
    a/ What is endocytosis?
A

Endocytosis is the process whereby a piece of the plasma membrane pinches off and is internalized into the cell interior
- It involves a number of accessory proteins, including adaptin, clathrin and the GTPase dynamin

45
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Vesicular transport 2 - Endocytosis
    b/ What are the 3 mechanisms of endocytosis?
A

1/ Pinocytosis
2/ Phagocytosis
3/ Receptor-mediated endocytosis

46
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Vesicular transport 2 - Endocytosis
    c/ Characteristics of pinocytosis
A

1/ consists of the nonspecific uptake of small molecules and water into the cell
2/ a prominent feature of the endothelial cells that line capillaries and is responsible for a portion of the fluid exchange that occurs across these vessels.

47
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Vesicular transport 2 - Endocytosis
    d/ Characteristics of phagocytosis?
A

1/ allows for the cellular internalization of large particles (e.g., bacteria, cell debris).
2/ an important characteristic of cells in the immune system (e.g., neutrophils and macrophages).

48
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Vesicular transport 2 - Endocytosis
    e/ Characteristics of Receptor-mediated endocytosis?
A

1/ Allows the uptake of specific molecules into the cell
2/ Molecules will bind to receptors on the surface of the cell

49
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Vesicular transport 3 - Exocytosis
    a/ Definition of exocytosis?
A

exocytosis is the process whereby vesicles inside the cell fuse with the plasma membrane

50
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Vesicular transport 3 - Exocytosis
    b/ Classification of exocytosis?
A

Constitutive and Regulated

51
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Vesicular transport 3 - Exocytosis
    c/ Characteristics of Constitutive exocytosis?
A

Location: Plasma cells

Example
- Constitutive exocytosis occurs in plasma cells that are secreting immunoglobulin or in fibroblasts secreting collagen.
- Histamine release from mast cell

52
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Vesicular transport 3 - Exocytosis
    d1/ Mechanism of Regulated exocytosis?
A
  1. After synthesis and processing in the rough endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus, the secretory product (e.g., hormone, neurotransmitter, or digestive enzyme)
    => The secretory products is stored in the cytoplasm in secretory granules until an appropriate signal for secretion is received

2/ Once the cell receives the appropriate stimulus, the secretory vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane and releases its contents into the extracellular fluid.
- This signal can be hormonal or neural

53
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Vesicular transport 3 - Exocytosis
    d1/ 3 locations of Regulated exocytosis?
A

1/ Endocrine cells
2/ Neurons
3/ Exocrine glandular cells (E.g, pancreatic acinar cells)

54
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Transepithelial transport
    a/ Classification
A

2 types
1/ Transcellular transport
2/ Paracellular transport

55
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Transepithelial transport
    b/ Characteristics of transcellular transport
A

1/ The solute or water is transported across both the apical and basolateral membrane, which may be either a passive or an active process.

2/ Uses
- Pumps, carriers
- Ion channels
- Water channels

3/ Examples
- uptake of Na+ into the cell across the apical membrane via Na+ channel is passive, the exit of Na+ from the cell across the basolateral membrane is primary active transport via Na+-K+ ATPase channel.

56
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Transepithelial transport
    c/ Characteristics of paracellular transport
A

1/ The solute or water is transported across the tight junction, which is passive

2/ Not regulated

3/ The driving forces are transepithelial concentration gradient for the solute and the transepithelial voltage.
- Leaky example: epithelium of the proximal tubule of renal nephron, duodenum and jejunum.
- Tight example: epithelium of collecting duct of renal nephron, urinary bladder and the terminal portion of colon
3/ Not regulated

57
Q
  1. Transport function of plasma membrane
    - Transepithelial transport
    d/ What are the 5 important examples of transepithelial transport?
A

1/ Skin of the frog - NaCl reabsorption
2/ Small intestine / proximal tubule - glucose resorption
3/ Salivary gland - chloride secretion
4/ Stomach - proton secretion
5/ Regulation of the transports is primary active transport via Na+-K+ ATPase channel.