3.3. Oxygen and carbon dioxide transport. Hemoglobin. Types of hypoxia. Flashcards
I. Transport of oxygen
1. What are the 2 forms of Transport of O2?
Transport of O2 occurs in 2 forms:
- Physically dissolved oxygen
- Oxygen saturation of hemoglobin
I. Transport of oxygen - Physically dissolved oxygen
2A. What is the O2-content of blood?
O2-content of blood:
- 0,03mL O2/L blood (1mmHg)
=> 3mL O2/L blood (if Pa = 100mmHg)
I. Transport of oxygen - Physically dissolved oxygen
2B. What is the O2-consumption of blood?
O2-consumption of body ~ 250mL O2/min
(- If we have 3mL O2/L dissolved in the blood, it means in order to supply the 250mL of
O2, what would be required is:
250 = 80 – 90 L blood/min (higher than CO) for O2-consumption of the body)
I. Transport of oxygen - Oxygen saturation for hemoglobin
3A. Characteristics of Oxygen saturation for hemoglobin
- Hemoglobin (Hb), found in RBCs, is a O2-binding protein
- Hb is a 4 subunit-protein (2α + 2β), that binds O2 with its heme groups
- 1moleofHbcanbind4molesofO2
I. Transport of oxygen - Oxygen saturation for hemoglobin
3B. What is the O2-binding capacity of Hb?
Hb: 2,3mmol/L
O2: 2,3mmol Hb * 4mmol O2 * 22,41mL O2/L blood (1mmol = 22,41 mL, that is why)
=> Hb can bind 206mL O2 in L blood
I. Transport of oxygen - IMPORTANT!
4. What is the amount of Hb-bound O2?
- Hb-bound: ~206mL O2/L (98% of O2 is in chemically Hb-bound form)
I. Transport of oxygen
5. What is the amount of O2 in physically dissolved form?
Physically dissolved: ~3mL O2/L (1,5% of O2 is in physically dissolved form)
=> Even though a small quantity, it is still important, because physically dissolved O2 determines the partial pressure of O2 in the lung and Hb-saturation depends on pO2
I. Transport of oxygen
6. When we have a gas transport of O2, what is the order of sequence?
1) O2 becomes physically dissolved in the plasma
2) Then diffuses into RBCs
3) Then binds to Hb
II. pO2 and percentage of Hb-saturation relationship
1. What is Saturation?
Saturation = how much fraction of total Hb has bound O2
- Hb binds 206mL of O2 in L/blood if it is 100% saturated with O2
- But depending on pO2, the saturation can be lower (since pO2 is lower)
II. pO2 and percentage of Hb-saturation relationship
2. Why is Hb-O2 binding cooperative?
- When 1 molecule binds to a single heme, the O2-affinity increases, allowing the 2nd
molecule to bind more easily - O2-affinity continuously increases as more O2 is incorporated into the heme, making it easier for the 3rd and 4th O2-molecule to bind even more easily
II. pO2 and percentage of Hb-saturation relationship
3. Describe O2 dissociation curve
- Sigmoid curve = when we have a curve with a steep initial part and a final plateau phase
- When binding is 0, the slope is relatively slow at the
start, because the affinity is slow - As O2 starts binding, the affinity increases
=> Causes a steep increase in the initial part of the curve - The O2-binding curve also has a plateau phase (at the final part), because if all Hb-molecules bind 4 O2- molecules, then Hb-O2-binding capacity is fully saturated
=> Hb cannot bind any more O2 = 100% saturation (maximum)
II. pO2 and percentage of Hb-saturation relationship
3A. What are pO2-levels in O2 dissociation curve (sigmoid)?
- In an average tissue, only 25% of O2 is used, which is available in the blood
- The remaining 75% works as a reservoir, which can be used during exercise or diseases
II. pO2 and percentage of Hb-saturation relationship
4A. What is the value for the saturation of Arterial blood?
97%
Saturation = how much fraction of total Hb has bound O2
II. pO2 and percentage of Hb-saturation relationship
4B. What is the value for the saturation of mixed venous blood?
75%
Saturation = how much fraction of total Hb has bound O2
III. Physiological factors that shift the O2 dissociation curve
1. What does it mean when we have right and left shifts in the O2 dissociation curve
1/ Right shift
-> affinity of Hb for O2 decreases
-> enhances O2
dissociation
- Left shift
-> affinity of Hb for O2 increases
-> inhibits O2 dissociation
III. Physiological factors that shift the O2 dissociation curve
2. What are the factors that shift the curve?
CO2, blood pH, temperature, concentration of 2,3 bisphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG)
III. Physiological factors that shift the O2 dissociation curve
3. How can CO2 and pH shift the O2 dissociation curve
An increase in CO2-production results in the formation of protons (H+), which decreases the blood pH -> shifts the curve to the right
- CO2: CO2 + H2O (by carbonic anhydrase) ⇌ H2CO3 ⇌ H+ + HCO3-
=> Bohr effect: the effect of CO2 on the affinity of Hb for O2
1) H+ -> HHb (protonated Hb)
-> (lower O2-affinity) => RIGHT SHIFT
2) Carbamino-Hb(lower O2-affinity) => RIGHT SHIFT - H+↑ = pH↓: lower O2-affinity of Hb