6 - Religion, Humanism, Arts and Learning Flashcards
How did the hierarchy of the Church impact daily life?
Pope = referenced in mass, would know who they were but no personal relationship, needed approval for divorce
Cardinals = a representative of the Pope
Archbishops = Canterbury and York
Bishops = in charge of a diocese
Guilds and Confraternities
voluntary associations created to promote Christian works of charity
Erastian
belief that state should have authority over Church
Grace
pure state you need to be in to enter heaven
Penance
sought forgiveness for sins
Transubstantiation
during mass, the bread and wine completely become body and blood of Christ
Benefactor
someone who donates to the Church
Chantries
a chapel where masses for the souls of the dead took place
Anticlericalism
opposition to the Church’s role in political and other non-religious matters
Laity
those who weren’t priests or part of religious order
What does Duffy argue about the medieval Catholic Church?
- had influence and people were loyal to it
- not decaying or breaking down
- adjustable and adaptable
How did religion impact geography?
- sections divided up into diocese
- lives revolved around your town
- controlled by your bishop
How did the liturgy impact daily life?
- would be attending mass
- not working on religious holidays
How did religion impact social life?
- your leisure life would be at church
- monasteries provide work and charity
- guilds promote Christianity and provide money
How did the doctrine impact daily life?
- had to fufil the sacraments to purge sins
- baptism, marriage, confirmation etc.
What evidence is there that the laity wanted reform of the Church by 1509? - STRONGLY DISAGREE
- by 1500, primers were the most common books mentioned in lay wills
- only 1/4 - 1/3 of priests wee appointed by bishops, mostly voted
- 2182 chantries in 20 counties in the North
- 2/3 of parish churches saw substantial rebuilding in the 150 years prior to the Reformation
What evidence is there that the laity wanted reform of the Church by 1509? - PARTIALLY DISAGREE
- only 7 claims that priests did not preach or visit the sick
- out of 250 parishes in Canterbury, only 14 tithe suits in 1482
- 85 families establishes chantries in late 14th/15th century
- 95% of wills in Norwich from 1370-1532 made bequests to Church
What evidence is there that the laity wanted reform of the Church by 1509? - PARTIALLY AGREE
- tithes caused friction between people and church especially in London
- many bishops and senior clergy claimed the church needed change
- individual cases of greed and misconduct, but small considering 8000 parishes
What evidence is there that the laity wanted reform of the Church by 1509? - STRONGLY AGREE
- reformation faced little opposition
- causes of clergy being assaulted by common people
- lawyers attempted to reclaim business they believed was theirs
What was heresy?
- actively going against the Church
- if you were accused, burnt on stake as your soul cannot rise so you go to hell
What was lollardy?
founded by John Wycliff, Oxford Uni theologian
- a type of heresy
- attacked indulgence, saints, pilgrims, monasteries
What evidence in lollard literature shows it was widespread?
30 surviving manuscripts that contain 204 sermons that reference Wycliff’s teachinga
What evidence in lollard literature shows it was widespread?
30 surviving manuscripts that contain 204 sermons that reference Wycliff’s teachinga
What evidence in lollard literature shows it was not widespread?
After 1420, very little produced before 1530
What evidence in numbers accused shows lollardy was widespread?
1506 - 60 from Amersham accused of heresy
What evidence in numbers accused shows lollardy was not widespread?
A very small proportion of the population
What evidence in geographical spread shows lollardy was widespread?
York, Norwich, Bristol 1511-13
What evidence in numbers accused shows lollardy was not widespread?
No heresy in Wales, Durham and Chichester
Desiderus Erasmus
- Catholic
- Handbook of a Christian soldier, guidance of a priest not necessary
- Praise of Folly, did not like pope as head of Church
- hated cardinals
- explained 800 sayings from latin
John Colet
- Catholic
- study of bible = holiness
- didn’t like indulgence or idolatry
- wanted translated texts
Thomas more
- catholic
- disagreed with practices
- executed in 1535 for not claiming Henry as head of church
What were Luther’s ideas?
- justification through faith alone
- no free will
- attacked popes and monastries
- people have access to texts themselves
What were the similarities between Luther and the Humanists?
- disagreed with indulgence and abuse
- critical of some practice
- people should interpret church themselves
What were the differences between Luther and the Humanists?
- Luther wanted a diff church, Humanists wanted to reform current
- Erasmus and Luther criticised each other on free will
- Luther and More disagree on Pope
How did religious houses provide enclosure?
obligation to remain inside monastery
How did religious houses provide accomodation?
food and shelter
How did religious houses provide education?
centres of reading and writing
How did religious houses provide charity?
helping poor, hospitals, providing employment
How many religious houses were there in England by 1509?
850
What evidence was there that religious houses need to reform?
- some houses were not regularly being inspected every 3 years
- enclosure was often breached, monks had people come in, ex. Abbot Wallingford
- Bishop John Islip sat on royal council, influenced the king
What evidence was there that religious houses did not need reform?
- 2/3 of churches had been rebuilt in the last 100 years
- 502 monasteries, 9/10,000 in religious life
- fountains abbey’s numbers doubled from 1440-1520
-‘boring’ was the most common complaint
Developments in education
- 53 grammar schools from 1460-1509
- latin studied in a humanistic way from 1480s
Developments in drama
- most popular art form
- plays at Bishop’s stortford 1490
- festive occasions in churches
developments in music
- Eton choir book, 1505 of 93 musical compositions
- carols popular
- Thomas Browne, earl of Oxford
developments in architecture
- Gothic perpendicular style
- 1502, approved for Lady Chapel at Westminister abbey by Henry VII
