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A-Level History - Tudors > 23 - Religious Developments and the 'Golden Age' of Elizabethan Culture > Flashcards

23 - Religious Developments and the 'Golden Age' of Elizabethan Culture Flashcards

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1
Q

Evidence of a Golden Age in Art

A

Nicholas Hillard - developed the miniature portrait by combining a formal picture with perspective of artists such as Hans Holbein. Some miniatures featured Elizabeth herself, or achievements like the Armada or the Church of England

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2
Q

Evidence of a Golden Age in Music

A

Orlando Gibbons - composed pieces for the Church of England
William Byrd - Cantiones Sacrae which was compared to Bach
Nearly 1500 pieces from the time period have survived

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3
Q

Evidence of a Golden Age in Drama

A

William Shakespeare - well known actor by 1592 and credited with tragedies such as Hamlet (1599)
Thomas Kyd - established the principle of and eye for an eye, a continued dramatic element in theatre, wrote Spanish Tragedy (1585-92)

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4
Q

Evidence of a Golden Age in Literature

A

Foxe - Book of Martyrs combined Humanist and Classical principles and became the most widely read prose work of the time
Hooker - Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity (1593) demonstrated flourish in literature in Elizabeth’s reign

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5
Q

Evidence of a Golden Age in Architecture

A
  • no new palaces built in this era as Elizabeth wanted to economise
  • Sir John Thynne built Longleat House, often done to impress Elizabeth
  • buildings admired symmetry and size with spacious and light interiors and long gallery rooms
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6
Q

Why could Elizabeth’s reign be seen as a Golden Age through culture?

A

Through the development and advancements in culture that became integral parts of English society centuries later

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7
Q

What similarities did Elizabethan culture have to previous Tudor monarchs?

A

Drama - Bishop’s Stortford in Hertfordshire in 1490, plays presented in association with church ale festivals, demonstrating how they were part of society already
Architecture - Renaissance Culture in Lady Chapel of Westminster

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8
Q

How did the elites experience the Elizabethan Golden Age?

A
  • gentlemen became distinguished as they could read and write ‘proper English’
  • knowledge of French, Latin and sometimes Greek
  • 27 grammar schools were developed during this period
  • gentlemen often chose to major in law
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9
Q

How did both the elites and general population experience the Golden Age?

A
  • tobacco became popular by the end of the reign, but was expensive
  • festivals such as the 12 Days of Christmas, Saints Days and May Day
  • theatres such as the Globe built in 1599 attended by all
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10
Q

How did the general population experience the Golden Age?

A
  • Red Bull Playhouse told the stories of the ordinary people and adapted the story of Robin Hood
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11
Q

How was popular vs elite culture different in Elizabeth’s reign?

A

Entertainment moved away from just the privileged, now a variety of people from different backgrounds had larger opportunity

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12
Q

What is the evidence that perhaps there was not a golden age for all?

A
  • population had drastically increased along with poverty
  • grammar schools not widely accessible to the lower classes
  • tobacco expensive for those lower in society
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13
Q

How did Noble Patronage change in Elizabeth’s reign?

A

1572 - actors must secure the patronage of a baron to gain a license

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14
Q

How did Noble Patronage contribute to a Golden Age?

A

Introduced companies such as Lord Chamberlain’s Men established in 1594 and James Burbage’s Theatre in 1576

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15
Q

How did the Printing Press change in Elizabeth’s reign?

A

1476 - first in England and by the 1550s production had grown to 1040 books a year

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16
Q

How did the Printing Press contribute to a Golden Age?

A

Opened up reading to the laity and allowed the aristocrats and gentry to actively buy books, exchange of ideas spread

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17
Q

How did Expansion of Education change in Elizabeth’s reign?

A

Schools began to become influenced by Renaissance ideas and by 1593, 50% of the house of Commons were university graduates

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18
Q

How did Expansion of Education contribute to a Golden Age?

A
  • new colleges such as Gresham, London founded in 1597 offered a broader education of geometry, music, astronomy, medicine and geography
  • parish schools taught reading and writing
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19
Q

How did Growth of London change in Elizabeth’s reign?

A

Was the centre of artistic ventures and the first printing press and theatres were built there

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20
Q

How did Growth of London contribute to a Golden age?

A

Inspired playwrights like Shakespeare and home to foreign ambassadors and different Christians

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21
Q

How did wealth change in Elizabeth’s reign?

A

Despite the 17 years of warfare, people became more aware of prosperity and therefore the feel good attitude increased

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22
Q

How did wealth contribute to a Golden age?

A
  • increased prices and contact with Europe
  • some were able to increase their income through price rises
  • emergence of the Tudor gentleman
  • English identity developed from the Armada
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23
Q

How did Humanism change in Elizabeth’s reign?

A

Became essential for anyone in politics to understand

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24
Q

How did Humanism contribute to a Golden age?

A

Through the rediscovery of Roman and Greek culture that was visible in plays and theatre

25
Q

How did the protestant reformation change in Elizabeth’s reign?

A
  • bible in English
  • John Foxe ‘Book of Martyrs’
26
Q

How did the protestant reformation contribute to a Golden age?

A

Attack on the medieval Church led to a scientific and rational outlook. The need to defend the Church developed some of the most critical literature of the age. BOM showed support for the Queen and attacked the Pope

27
Q

Where had the causes of the Golden age already appeared?

A
  • John Cheke had been Edward’s tutor (humanist)
  • Cramner had been influenced by Humanism
  • William Cecil had been encouraging Humanist scholars at Cambridge
28
Q

How was the Golden Age presented at court?

A
  • from 1586 became fashionable to wear miniatures of Elizabeth
  • Ascension day joust proved loyalty to the Virgin Queen, Henry Lee transformed it into a spectacular pageant
  • in Summer Elizabeth would spend 10 weeks travelling Courtiers houses to spend time with her people
29
Q

How was the Golden Age presented to the lower levels?

A
  • 1563, only approved images of Elizabeth could be distributed (youthful)
  • printing press used to distribute speeches, ballads and pamphlets emphasising the Queen’s glory
  • Ascension Day marked achievements of the realm, delivered England ‘from the dangers of war and oppression’ (Ascension Day 1576)
30
Q

Who were the Church Papists?

A
  • loyal to Elizabeth, willing to accept her as Supreme governor
  • disliked radical change and believed mass was necessary
  • majority of English people, around 8000 lesser clergy
  • may have celebrated mass at home or a counterfeit mass
31
Q

Who were the Rescuants?

A
  • refused to attend Church services but some would take the oath
  • 1/3 of the peerage and a lot of gentry
  • in 1582 there were 1939 known rescuants
  • no attempts to identify them until late 1870s
32
Q

Who were Seminary Priests?

A
  • Catholic Priests trained at Doaui, Flanders by William Allen, 1568
  • young men taught their duty was to return to England
  • arrived 1574 in South East of England
  • out of the 438, 98 were put to death
33
Q

Who were the Jesuits?

A
  • Catholic missionary order founded 1534 to destroy Heresy
  • took a special oath to the Pope
  • arrived from 1580 onwards
34
Q

How did the Act of Supremacy impact Catholicism?

A

Laid down fines for those who did not attend Church services, but these were rarely enforced

35
Q

How did the Northern Rebellion impact Catholicism?

A

Encouraged a punitive attitude to Catholics due to the Catholic intentions

36
Q

When did Elizabeth get exocommunicated?

A

1570 - by Pope Pius V which gave Catholics an impossible choice

37
Q

What Catholic Penal Laws were implemented?

A

1571 - publication of papal bulls treasonable
1581 - Act to Retain the Queen Majesty’s Subjects in their Due Obedience
1585 - act against Jesuits and Priests

38
Q

What did the 1581 - Act to Retain the Queen Majesty’s Subjects in their Due Obedience
do?

A
  • treason to withdraw support for the Queen or the Church of England
  • saying mass punishable
  • £20 fine for not attending Church
  • 4 Catholic Priests executed in 1581 and 11 in 1582
39
Q

What did the 1585 - act against Jesuits and Priests do?

A
  • treasonable for Priests ordained under the Pope’s authority to enter England
  • 123 Priests convicted under the act from 1586 - 1603
40
Q

What law was implemented in 1587?

A

Any rescuant who default the payment of fines can have 2/3rds of their land seized by the Exchequer

41
Q

What laws were implemented from 1588 - 1602 against Catholics?

A

1588 - government executed 31 priests
1593 - HoC made gatherings of Catholics illegal, with them being confined to a 5 mile radius of their houses
1594 - refusal to tolerate Catholics who promise not to rebel
1602 - proclamation for all Jesuits to leave the country, and other priests given 12 months to leave but promised favourable treatment if they do

42
Q

What was Puritanism?

A
  • the eradication of ‘Popish superstition’
  • important influence in the 1560s and 1570s
  • posed a challenge to the Elizabethan settlement
43
Q

Who were the Presbyterians?

A
  • believed the church should be further reformed through structure
  • emerged through the Vestiarian Controversy
44
Q

Who were the Separatists?

A
  • the most severe puritans
  • wanted to separate the CofE completely
  • opposed Queen as the Supreme Governor
45
Q

How did deaths of key figures lead to a decline in Puritanism?

A

Leicester and Walsingham were the political supporters at court and died in 1588 and 1590

46
Q

How did defeat of the Armada lead to a decline in Puritanism?

A

Reduced the threat of Catholicism and made it appear less attractive

47
Q

How did the Lambeth Articles lead to a decline in Puritanism?

A

1595 - 9 points of doctrine that proved more acceptable to Puritans, reasserted the Calvinist doctrine and both liked the 1559 Prayer Book

48
Q

Who wanted reform through the Church?

A

Puritans clergy who pushed for removal of highly Catholic elements

49
Q

How did reform through the Church challenge Elizabeth?

A

1563, they asked the convacation for holy days removed, cross removed from Baptism and organ music abolished

50
Q

How did reform through the Church not challenge Elizabeth?

A

1563 petition defeated, but by only one vote
Archbishop Parker issued Advertisements in March 1566 requiring uniformity
37 clergymen refused support and were removed

51
Q

Who wanted reform through Parliament?

A

Prebysterians lead by Thomas Cartwright

52
Q

How did reform through parliament challenge Elizabeth?

A

1576 - Peter Wentworth attacked clerical abuses
1587 - wanted to introduce ‘Bill and Book’

53
Q

How did reform through parliament not challenge Elizabeth?

A

1576 - Wentworth sent to tower
1587 - bill was denied a reading and Liz ordered Wentworth to be imprisoned

54
Q

Who wanted reform through local movements?

A

Presbyterianism

55
Q

How did reform through local movements challenge Elizabeth?

A

1560 Geneva Bible sold well, very puritan
Earl of Leicester supported the puritans, such as appointing them in his household

56
Q

How did reform through local movements not challenge Elizabeth?

A

Queen appointed John Whitgift as Archbishop in 1583 who created high commission which determined clergy allegiance. 300 - 400 clergy removed

57
Q

Who wanted separatism?

A

The most extreme form of Protestantism emerged in the 1580s

58
Q

How did separatism challenge Elizabeth?

A

Henry Barrow and John Greenwood led movements in London
Seditious Sectaries act passed in 1593

59
Q

How did separatism not challenge Elizabeth?

A

Robert Browne was the leader but he was exiled to Netherlands in 1582
Returned and made peace in 1585 with help from Lord Burghley

A-Level History - Tudors (27 decks)

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